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<a href="https://github.com/vapor/documentation/edit/beta/3.0/docs/databases/sqlite/overview.md" title="Edit this page" class="md-icon md-content__icon">&#xE3C9;</a>
<h1 id="sqlite-overview">SQLite Overview<a class="headerlink" href="#sqlite-overview" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h1>
<p>Let's dive into the <a href="https://github.com/vapor/sqlite">vapor/sqlite</a> package and
see how to connect to and query a database.</p>
<div class="admonition warning">
<p class="admonition-title">Warning</p>
<p>This documentation provides an overview for the SQLite API.
If you are using SQLite with Fluent, you will likely never need to use
this API. Use <a href="../fluent/overview.md">Fluent's APIs</a> instead.</p>
</div>
<p>Follow the instructions in the <a href="../package/">package</a> section to add the SQLite package to your project. Once its added, you should be able to use <code>import SQLite.</code></p>
<h2 id="database">Database<a class="headerlink" href="#database" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>The first step to making a query is to create a <code>Database</code>.</p>
<h3 id="in-memory">In Memory<a class="headerlink" href="#in-memory" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>In-memory SQLite databases are great for testing as they aren't persisted between application boots.</p>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><span class="kd">import</span> <span class="nc">SQLite</span>
<span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nv">db</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">Database</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">storage</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">.</span><span class="n">memory</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
<h3 id="file-path">File path<a class="headerlink" href="#file-path" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>SQLite requires a single file to persist the database contents.</p>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><span class="kd">import</span> <span class="nc">SQLite</span>
<span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nv">db</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">Database</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">storage</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">.</span><span class="n">file</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&quot;/tmp/db.sqlite&quot;</span><span class="p">))</span>
</pre></div>
<div class="admonition tip">
<p class="admonition-title">Tip</p>
<p>If the database file does not already exist, it will be created.</p>
</div>
<h2 id="connection">Connection<a class="headerlink" href="#connection" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>Once you have initialized your database, you can create a connection.</p>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nv">conn</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="k">try</span> <span class="n">db</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">makeConnection</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">on</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">.</span><span class="n">global</span><span class="p">())</span>
</pre></div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>Pay special attention to which <code>DispatchQueue</code> you pass to <code>makeConnection(on:)</code>.
This will be the queue SQLite calls you back on.</p>
</div>
<div class="admonition tip">
<p class="admonition-title">Tip</p>
<p>If you are using SQLite with Vapor, make sure to pass the <a href="async/worker.md">worker</a>'s queue here.</p>
</div>
<h2 id="query">Query<a class="headerlink" href="#query" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>Once you have a <code>Connection</code>, you can use it to create a <code>Query</code>.</p>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nv">query</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">conn</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;SELECT * FROM users&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
<h3 id="binding-values">Binding Values<a class="headerlink" href="#binding-values" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>If you are executing a query that has input values, you should bind these using parameters. </p>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nv">query</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">conn</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;INSERT INTO users (name, age) VALUES (?, ?)&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">query</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">bind</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;Albert&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">query</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">bind</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">138</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
<p>You can also bind values using method chaining.</p>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nv">query</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">conn</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;INSERT INTO users (name, age) VALUES (?, ?)&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">.</span><span class="n">bind</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;Albert&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">.</span><span class="n">bind</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">138</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
<h3 id="output-stream">Output Stream<a class="headerlink" href="#output-stream" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>If you expect output from your query, you must attach a stream. The easiest way
to do this is by using the <code>drain</code> convenience.</p>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><span class="n">query</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">drain</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">row</span> <span class="k">in</span>
<span class="bp">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
<p>You can also use <code>drain(into:)</code> and pass in a custom <code>InputStream</code> to capture the query's results.</p>
<h4 id="row">Row<a class="headerlink" href="#row" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h4>
<p>The <code>Query</code> will output <code>Row</code>s. These are simple structs.</p>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><span class="kd">struct</span> <span class="nc">Row</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">fields</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="nb">String</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Field</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="kd">subscript</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">field</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">String</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">-&gt;</span> <span class="n">Data</span><span class="p">?</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="kr">get</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
<p>You can subscript a <code>Row</code> object to get the optional <code>Data</code>.</p>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nv">nameData</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">row</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&quot;name&quot;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="c1">// Data?</span>
</pre></div>
<p><code>Data</code> is an enum that contains all possible types of SQLite data.</p>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><span class="kd">public</span> <span class="kd">enum</span> <span class="nc">Data</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">case</span> <span class="n">integer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">Int</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">case</span> <span class="n">float</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">Double</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">case</span> <span class="n">text</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">String</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">case</span> <span class="n">blob</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Foundation</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Data</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">case</span> <span class="n">null</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
<p>For each option, there are convenience properties for casting the <code>Data</code> enum.</p>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nv">name</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">row</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&quot;name&quot;</span><span class="p">]?.</span><span class="n">text</span> <span class="c1">// String</span>
</pre></div>
<h3 id="run">Run<a class="headerlink" href="#run" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>Once your query is ready to execute, you simply call <code>.execute()</code>. This returns a <code>Future&lt;Void&gt;</code>
that will be completed when the query is done executing.</p>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><span class="n">query</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">execute</span><span class="p">().</span><span class="n">then</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="bp">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;done!&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
<h4 id="all">All<a class="headerlink" href="#all" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h4>
<p>If you simply want to fetch all of the results, you can use the <code>.all()</code> convenience.
This will automatically create a stream and return a future containing your results.</p>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><span class="n">query</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">all</span><span class="p">().</span><span class="n">then</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">rows</span> <span class="k">in</span>
<span class="bp">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">rows</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
<h4 id="sync">Sync<a class="headerlink" href="#sync" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h4>
<p>For situations where blocking is appropriate (perhaps in tests) you can use <code>.sync()</code> to block
until the query's results are ready and return them directly.</p>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">// don&#39;t do this unless blocking is OK</span>
<span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nv">rows</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="k">try</span> <span class="n">conn</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;SELECT * FROM users&quot;</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="n">sync</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
<h3 id="example">Example<a class="headerlink" href="#example" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>Now for the complete example: </p>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><span class="kd">import</span> <span class="nc">SQLite</span>
<span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nv">db</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">Database</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">storage</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">.</span><span class="n">memory</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nv">conn</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="k">try</span> <span class="n">db</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">makeConnection</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">on</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">.</span><span class="n">global</span><span class="p">())</span> <span class="c1">// take care to use correct queue</span>
<span class="n">conn</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;SELECT * FROM users&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">.</span><span class="n">all</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="p">.</span><span class="n">then</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">rows</span> <span class="k">in</span>
<span class="bp">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">rows</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">.</span><span class="k">catch</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">err</span> <span class="k">in</span>
<span class="bp">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">err</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="c1">// wait for results</span>
</pre></div>
<p>An example with values being bound:</p>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><span class="kd">import</span> <span class="nc">SQLite</span>
<span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nv">db</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">Database</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">storage</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">.</span><span class="n">memory</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nv">conn</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="k">try</span> <span class="n">db</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">makeConnection</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">on</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">.</span><span class="n">global</span><span class="p">())</span> <span class="c1">// take care to use correct queue</span>
<span class="n">conn</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;INSERT INTO users (name, age) VALUES (?, ?)&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">.</span><span class="n">bind</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;Albert&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">.</span><span class="n">bind</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">138</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">.</span><span class="n">execute</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="p">.</span><span class="n">then</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="bp">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;done&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">.</span><span class="k">catch</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">err</span> <span class="k">in</span>
<span class="bp">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">err</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="c1">// wait for results</span>
</pre></div>
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