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<a href="https://github.com/vapor/documentation/edit/master/3.0/docs/fluent/querying.md" title="Edit this page" class="md-icon md-content__icon">&#xE3C9;</a>
<h1 id="querying-models">Querying Models<a class="headerlink" href="#querying-models" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h1>
<p>Once you have a <a href="../models/">model</a> (and optionally a <a href="../migrations/">migration</a>) you can start
querying your database to create, read, update, and delete data.</p>
<h2 id="connection">Connection<a class="headerlink" href="#connection" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>The first thing you need to query your database, is a connection to it. Luckily, they are easy to get.</p>
<p>You can use either the application or an incoming request to create a database connection. You just need
access to the database identifier.</p>
<h3 id="request">Request<a class="headerlink" href="#request" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>The preferred method for getting access to a database connection is via an incoming request.</p>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><span class="n">router</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="kr">get</span><span class="p">(...)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">req</span> <span class="k">in</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">req</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">withConnection</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">to</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">.</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">db</span> <span class="k">in</span>
<span class="c1">// use the db here</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
<p>The first parameter is the database's identifier. The second parameter is a closure
that accepts a connection to that database.</p>
<div class="admonition tip">
<p class="admonition-title">Tip</p>
<p>Although the closure to <code>.withConnection(to: ...)</code> accepts a database <em>connection</em>, we often use just <code>db</code> for short.</p>
</div>
<p>The closure is expected to return a <code>Future&lt;Void&gt;</code>. When this future is completed, the connection will be released
back into Fluent's connection pool. This is usually acheived by simply returning the query as we will soon see.</p>
<h3 id="application">Application<a class="headerlink" href="#application" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>You can also create a database connection using the application. This is useful for cases where you must access
the database from outside a request/response event.</p>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nv">res</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">withConnection</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">to</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">.</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">db</span> <span class="k">in</span>
<span class="c1">// use the db here</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="bp">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">res</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1">// Future&lt;T&gt;</span>
</pre></div>
<p>This is usually done in the <a href="../../getting-started/structure/#boot">boot section</a> of your application.</p>
<div class="admonition warning">
<p class="admonition-title">Warning</p>
<p>Do not use database connections created by the application in a route closure (when responding to a request).
Always use the incoming request to create a connection to avoid threading issues.</p>
</div>
<h2 id="create">Create<a class="headerlink" href="#create" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>To create (save) a model to the database, first initialize an instance of your model, then call <code>.save(on: )</code>.</p>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><span class="n">router</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">post</span><span class="p">(...)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">req</span> <span class="k">in</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">req</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">withConnection</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">to</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">.</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">db</span> <span class="p">-&gt;</span> <span class="n">Future</span><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">User</span><span class="p">&gt;</span> <span class="k">in</span>
<span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nv">user</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">User</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&quot;Vapor&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">age</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">user</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">save</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">on</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">db</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="n">transform</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">to</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">user</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1">// Future&lt;User&gt;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
<h3 id="response">Response<a class="headerlink" href="#response" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p><code>.save(on: )</code> returns a <code>Future&lt;Void&gt;</code> that completes when the user has finished saving. In this example, we then
map that <code>Future&lt;Void&gt;</code> to a <code>Future&lt;User&gt;</code> by calling <code>.map</code> and passing in the recently-saved user.</p>
<p>You can also use <code>.map</code> to return a simple success response.</p>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><span class="n">router</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">post</span><span class="p">(...)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">req</span> <span class="k">in</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">req</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">withConnection</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">to</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">.</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">db</span> <span class="p">-&gt;</span> <span class="n">Future</span><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">HTTPResponse</span><span class="p">&gt;</span> <span class="k">in</span>
<span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nv">user</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">User</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&quot;Vapor&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">age</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">user</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">save</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">on</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">db</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="bp">map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">to</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">HTTPResponse</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="kc">self</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">HTTPResponse</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">status</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">.</span><span class="n">created</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
<h3 id="multiple">Multiple<a class="headerlink" href="#multiple" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>If you have multiple instances to save, do so using an array. Arrays containing only futures behave like futures.</p>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><span class="n">router</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">post</span><span class="p">(...)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">req</span> <span class="k">in</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">req</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">withConnection</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">to</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">.</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">db</span> <span class="p">-&gt;</span> <span class="n">Future</span><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">HTTPResponse</span><span class="p">&gt;</span> <span class="k">in</span>
<span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nv">marie</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">User</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&quot;Marie Curie&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">age</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">66</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nv">charles</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">User</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&quot;Charles Darwin&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">age</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">73</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">[</span>
<span class="n">marie</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">save</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">on</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">db</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="n">charles</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">save</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">on</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">db</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">].</span><span class="bp">map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">to</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">HTTPResponse</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="kc">self</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">HTTPResponse</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">status</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">.</span><span class="n">created</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
<h2 id="read">Read<a class="headerlink" href="#read" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>To read models from the database, use <code>.query()</code> on the database connection to create a <a href="../../query-builder">QueryBuilder</a>.</p>
<h3 id="all">All<a class="headerlink" href="#all" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>Fetch all instances of a model from the database using <code>.all()</code>.</p>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><span class="n">router</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="kr">get</span><span class="p">(...)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">req</span> <span class="k">in</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">req</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">withConnection</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">to</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">.</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">db</span> <span class="p">-&gt;</span> <span class="n">Future</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">User</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="k">in</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">db</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">User</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="kc">self</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="n">all</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
<h3 id="filter">Filter<a class="headerlink" href="#filter" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>Use <code>.filter(...)</code> to apply <a href="../../query-builder#filters">filters</a> to your query.</p>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><span class="n">router</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="kr">get</span><span class="p">(...)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">req</span> <span class="k">in</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">req</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">withConnection</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">to</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">.</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">db</span> <span class="p">-&gt;</span> <span class="n">Future</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">User</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="k">in</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="k">try</span> <span class="n">db</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">User</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="kc">self</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="bp">filter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="err">\</span><span class="n">User</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">age</span> <span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="n">all</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
<h3 id="first">First<a class="headerlink" href="#first" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>You can also use <code>.first()</code> to just get the first result.</p>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><span class="n">router</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="kr">get</span><span class="p">(...)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">req</span> <span class="k">in</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">req</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">withConnection</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">to</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">.</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">db</span> <span class="p">-&gt;</span> <span class="n">Future</span><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">User</span><span class="p">&gt;</span> <span class="k">in</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="k">try</span> <span class="n">db</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">User</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="kc">self</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="bp">filter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="err">\</span><span class="n">User</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">name</span> <span class="p">==</span> <span class="s">&quot;Vapor&quot;</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="bp">first</span><span class="p">().</span><span class="bp">map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">to</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">User</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="kc">self</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">user</span> <span class="k">in</span>
<span class="k">guard</span> <span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nv">user</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">user</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">throw</span> <span class="n">Abort</span><span class="p">(.</span><span class="n">notFound</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">reason</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&quot;Could not find user.&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">user</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
<p>Notice we use <code>.map(to:)</code> here to convert the optional user returned by <code>.first()</code> to a non-optional
user, or we throw an error.</p>
<h2 id="update">Update<a class="headerlink" href="#update" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><span class="n">router</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">put</span><span class="p">(...)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">req</span> <span class="k">in</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">req</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">withConnection</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">to</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">.</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">db</span> <span class="p">-&gt;</span> <span class="n">Future</span><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">User</span><span class="p">&gt;</span> <span class="k">in</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">db</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">User</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="kc">self</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="bp">first</span><span class="p">().</span><span class="bp">map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">to</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">User</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="kc">self</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">user</span> <span class="k">in</span>
<span class="k">guard</span> <span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nv">user</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="nv">$0</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">throw</span> <span class="n">Abort</span><span class="p">(.</span><span class="n">notFound</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">reason</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&quot;Could not find user.&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">user</span>
<span class="p">}.</span><span class="n">flatMap</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">to</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">User</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="kc">self</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">user</span> <span class="k">in</span>
<span class="n">user</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">age</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">user</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">update</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">on</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">db</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="bp">map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">to</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">User</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="kc">self</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">user</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
<p>Notice we use <code>.map(to:)</code> here to convert the optional user returned by <code>.first()</code> to a non-optional
user, or we throw an error.</p>
<h2 id="delete">Delete<a class="headerlink" href="#delete" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><span class="n">router</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">delete</span><span class="p">(...)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">req</span> <span class="k">in</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">req</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">withConnection</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">to</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">.</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">db</span> <span class="p">-&gt;</span> <span class="n">Future</span><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">User</span><span class="p">&gt;</span> <span class="k">in</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">db</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">User</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="kc">self</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="bp">first</span><span class="p">().</span><span class="bp">map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">to</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">User</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="kc">self</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">user</span> <span class="k">in</span>
<span class="k">guard</span> <span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nv">user</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="nv">$0</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">throw</span> <span class="n">Abort</span><span class="p">(.</span><span class="n">notFound</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">reason</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&quot;Could not find user.&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">user</span>
<span class="p">}.</span><span class="n">flatMap</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">to</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">User</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="kc">self</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">user</span> <span class="k">in</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">user</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">delete</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">on</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">db</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="n">transfom</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">to</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">user</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
<p>Notice we use <code>.map(to:)</code> here to convert the optional user returned by <code>.first()</code> to a non-optional
user, or we throw an error.</p>
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