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<a href="https://github.com/vapor/documentation/edit/master/3.0/docs/validation/overview.md" title="Edit this page" class="md-icon md-content__icon">&#xE3C9;</a>
<h1 id="validation-overview">Validation Overview<a class="headerlink" href="#validation-overview" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h1>
<p>Validation is a framework for validating data sent to your application. It can help validate things like names, emails and more. It is also extensible, allowing you to easily create custom validators.</p>
<h2 id="swift-codable">Swift &amp; Codable<a class="headerlink" href="#swift-codable" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>Swift's strong type system and <code>Codable</code> take care of most of the basic validation that web apps need to do. </p>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><span class="kd">struct</span> <span class="nc">User</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Codable</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">id</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">UUID</span><span class="p">?</span>
<span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">name</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">String</span>
<span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">age</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">Int</span>
<span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">email</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">String</span><span class="p">?</span>
<span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">profilePictureURL</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">String</span><span class="p">?</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
<p>For example, when you decode the above <code>User</code> model, Swift will automatically ensure the following:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>id</code> is a valid <code>UUID</code> or is <code>nil</code>.</li>
<li><code>name</code> is a valid <code>String</code> and is <em>not</em> <code>nil</code>.</li>
<li><code>age</code> is a valid <code>Int</code> and is <em>not</em> <code>nil</code>.</li>
<li><code>email</code> is a valid <code>String</code> or is <code>nil</code>.</li>
<li><code>profilePictureURL</code> is a valid <code>String</code> or is <code>nil</code>.</li>
</ul>
<p>This is a great first step, but there is still room for improvement here. Here are some examples of things Swift and <code>Codable</code> would not mind, but are not ideal:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>name</code> is empty string <code>""</code></li>
<li><code>name</code> contains non-alphanumeric characters</li>
<li><code>age</code> is a negative number <code>-42</code></li>
<li><code>email</code> is not correctly formatted <code>test@@vapor.codes</code></li>
<li><code>profilePictureURL</code> is not a <code>URL</code> without a scheme</li>
</ul>
<p>Luckily the Validation package can help.</p>
<h2 id="validatable">Validatable<a class="headerlink" href="#validatable" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>Let's take a look at how the Validation package can help you validate incoming data. We'll start by conforming our <code>User</code> model from the previous section to the <a href="https://api.vapor.codes/validation/latest/Validation/Protocols/Validatable.html"><code>Validatable</code></a> protocol. </p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>This assumes <code>User</code> already conforms to <code>Reflectable</code> (added by default when using one of Fluent's <code>Model</code> protocols). If not, you will need to add conformance to <code>Reflectable</code> manually.</p>
</div>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><span class="kd">extension</span> <span class="nc">User</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Validatable</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="c1">/// See `Validatable`.</span>
<span class="kd">static</span> <span class="kd">func</span> <span class="nf">validations</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">-&gt;</span> <span class="n">Validations</span><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">User</span><span class="p">&gt;</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="c1">// define validations</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nv">user</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">User</span><span class="p">(...)</span>
<span class="c1">// since User conforms to Validatable, we get a new method validate()</span>
<span class="c1">// that throws an error if any validations fail</span>
<span class="k">try</span> <span class="n">user</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">validate</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
<p>This is the basic structure of <a href="https://api.vapor.codes/validation/latest/Validation/Protocols/Validatable.html"><code>Validatable</code></a> conformance. Let's take a look at how we can implement the static <code>validations()</code> method.</p>
<h2 id="validations">Validations<a class="headerlink" href="#validations" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>First let's start by verifying that the name is at least 3 characters long.</p>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><span class="kd">extension</span> <span class="nc">User</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Validatable</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="c1">/// See `Validatable`.</span>
<span class="kd">static</span> <span class="kd">func</span> <span class="nf">validations</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="kr">throws</span> <span class="p">-&gt;</span> <span class="n">Validations</span><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">User</span><span class="p">&gt;</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">validations</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">Validations</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">User</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="kc">self</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">try</span> <span class="n">validations</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="err">\</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">.</span><span class="bp">count</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">3.</span><span class="p">..))</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">validations</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
<p>The <code>count(...)</code> validation accepts Swift <a href="https://developer.apple.com/documentation/swift/range"><code>Range</code></a> notation and will validate that a collection's count is within that range. By only placing a value on the left side of <code>...</code>, we only set a minimum range.</p>
<p>Take a look at all of the available validators <a href="https://api.vapor.codes/validation/latest/Validation/Structs/Validator.html">here</a>.</p>
<h3 id="operators">Operators<a class="headerlink" href="#operators" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>Validating that the name is three or more characters is great, but we also want to make sure that the name is alphanumeric characters only. We can do this by combining multiple validators using <code>&amp;&amp;</code>.</p>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><span class="k">try</span> <span class="n">validations</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="err">\</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">.</span><span class="bp">count</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">3.</span><span class="p">..)</span> <span class="o">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="p">.</span><span class="n">alphanumeric</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
<p>Now our name will only be considered valid if it is three or more characters <em>and</em> alphanumeric. Take a look at all of the available operators <a href="https://api.vapor.codes/validation/latest/Validation/Functions.html">here</a>.</p>
<h3 id="nil">Nil<a class="headerlink" href="#nil" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>You may want to run validations on optionals only if a value is present. The <code>&amp;&amp;</code> and <code>||</code> operators have special overloads that help you do this. </p>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><span class="k">try</span> <span class="n">validations</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="err">\</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">email</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">.</span><span class="n">email</span> <span class="o">||</span> <span class="p">.</span><span class="kc">nil</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
<p>The <a href="https://api.vapor.codes/validation/latest/Validation/Structs/Validator.html#/s:10Validation9ValidatorV3nilXevZ"><code>nil</code></a> validator checks if a <code>T?</code> optional value is <code>nil</code>.</p>
<p>The <a href="https://api.vapor.codes/validation/latest/Validation/Structs/Validator.html#/s:10Validation9ValidatorVAASSRszlE5emailACySSGvZ"><code>email</code></a> validator checks if a <code>String</code> is a valid email address. However, the property on our <code>User</code> is a <code>String?</code>. This means the email validator cannot be used directly with the property.</p>
<p>We can combine these two operators using <code>||</code> to express the validation we want: validate the email is correctly formatted if it is not nil.</p>
<h2 id="validate">Validate<a class="headerlink" href="#validate" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>Let's finish up the rest of our validations using our new knowledge.</p>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><span class="kd">extension</span> <span class="nc">User</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Validatable</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="c1">/// See `Validatable`.</span>
<span class="kd">static</span> <span class="kd">func</span> <span class="nf">validations</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="kr">throws</span> <span class="p">-&gt;</span> <span class="n">Validations</span><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">User</span><span class="p">&gt;</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">validations</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">Validations</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">User</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="kc">self</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">try</span> <span class="n">validations</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="err">\</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">.</span><span class="n">alphanumeric</span> <span class="o">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="p">.</span><span class="bp">count</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">3.</span><span class="p">..))</span>
<span class="k">try</span> <span class="n">validations</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="err">\</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">age</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">.</span><span class="n">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">18.</span><span class="p">..))</span>
<span class="k">try</span> <span class="n">validations</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="err">\</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">email</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">.</span><span class="n">email</span> <span class="o">||</span> <span class="p">.</span><span class="kc">nil</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">try</span> <span class="n">validations</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="err">\</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">profilePictureURL</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">.</span><span class="n">url</span> <span class="o">||</span> <span class="p">.</span><span class="kc">nil</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">validations</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
<p>Now let's try out validating our model.</p>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><span class="n">router</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">post</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">User</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="kc">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">at</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&quot;users&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">req</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">user</span> <span class="p">-&gt;</span> <span class="n">User</span> <span class="k">in</span>
<span class="k">try</span> <span class="n">user</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">validate</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">user</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
<p>When you query that route, you should see that errors are thrown if the data does not meet your validations. If the data is correct, your user model is returned successfully.</p>
<p>Congratulations on setting up your first <code>Validatable</code> model! Check out the <a href="https://api.vapor.codes/validation/latest/Validation/index.html">API docs</a> for more information and code samples.</p>
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