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<a href="https://github.com/vapor/documentation/edit/master/3.0/docs/sql/overview.md" title="Edit this page" class="md-icon md-content__icon">&#xE3C9;</a>
<h1 id="using-sql">Using SQL<a class="headerlink" href="#using-sql" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h1>
<p>The SQL library helps you build and serialize SQL queries in Swift. It has an extensible, protocol-based design and supports DQL, DML, and DDL:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>DQL</strong>: Data Query Language (<code>SELECT</code>)</li>
<li><strong>DML</strong>: Data Manpulation Language (<code>INSERT</code>, <code>DELETE</code>, etc)</li>
<li><strong>DDL</strong>: Data Definition Language (<code>CREATE</code>, <code>ALTER</code>, etc)</li>
</ul>
<p>This library's goal is to help you build SQL queries in a type-safe, consistent way. It can be used by ORMs to serialize their data types into SQL. It can also be used to generate SQL in a more Swifty way. The rest of this guide will give you an overview into using the SQL library manually.</p>
<h2 id="data-query">Data Query<a class="headerlink" href="#data-query" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>DQL (data query language) is used to fetch data from one or more tables. This is done via the <code>SELECT</code> statement. Let's take a look how we would serialize the following SQL query.</p>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">users</span> <span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">?</span>
</pre></div>
<p>This query selects all rows from the table <code>users</code> where the name is equal to a parameterized value. You can serialize literal values into data queries as well, but parameterization is highly recommended.</p>
<p>Let's build this query in Swift.</p>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">// Create a new data query for the table.</span>
<span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">users</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">DataQuery</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">table</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&quot;users&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1">// Create the &quot;name = ?&quot; predicate.</span>
<span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nv">name</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">DataPredicate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">column</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&quot;name&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">comparison</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">.</span><span class="bp">equal</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">value</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">.</span><span class="n">placeholder</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1">// Add the predicate as a single item (not group) to the query.</span>
<span class="n">users</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">predicates</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(.</span><span class="n">predicate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="c1">// Serialize the query.</span>
<span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nv">sql</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">GeneralSQLSerializer</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">shared</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">serialize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">query</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">users</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="bp">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sql</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1">// &quot;SELECT * FROM `users` WHERE (`name` = ?)&quot;</span>
</pre></div>
<p>Here we are using the shared <a href="https://api.vapor.codes/sql/latest/SQL/Classes/GeneralSQLSerializer.html"><code>GeneralSQLSerializer</code></a> to serialize the query. You can also implement <a href="#serializer">custom serializers</a>.</p>
<h2 id="data-manipulation">Data Manipulation<a class="headerlink" href="#data-manipulation" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>DML (data manipulation language) is used to mutate data in a table. This is done via statements like <code>INSERT</code>, <code>UPDATE</code>, and <code>DELETE</code>. Let's take a look how we would serialize the following SQL query.</p>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><span class="k">INSERT</span> <span class="k">INTO</span> <span class="n">users</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">VALUES</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">?</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
<p>This query inserts a new row into the table <code>users</code> where the name is equal to a parameterized value. You can serialize literal values into data manipulation queries as well, but parameterization is highly recommended.</p>
<p>Let's build this query in Swift.</p>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">// Create a new data manipulation query for the table.</span>
<span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">users</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">DataManipulationQuery</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">statement</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">.</span><span class="bp">insert</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">table</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&quot;users&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1">// Create the column + value.</span>
<span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nv">name</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">DataManipulationColumn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">column</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&quot;name&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">value</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">.</span><span class="n">placeholder</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1">// Add the column + value to the query.</span>
<span class="n">users</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">columns</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1">// Serialize the query.</span>
<span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nv">sql</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">GeneralSQLSerializer</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">shared</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">serialize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">query</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">user</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="bp">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sql</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1">// &quot;INSERT INTO `users` (`name`) VALUES (?)&quot;</span>
</pre></div>
<p>That's all it takes to generate an <code>INSERT</code> query. Let's take a look at how this query would serialize if we use the <a href="https://api.vapor.codes/sql/latest/SQL/Enums/DataManipulationStatement.html"><code>.update</code></a> statement instead.</p>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">// Change the statement type</span>
<span class="n">users</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">statement</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="p">.</span><span class="n">update</span>
<span class="c1">// Serialize the query.</span>
<span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nv">sql</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">GeneralSQLSerializer</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">shared</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">serialize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">query</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">user</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="bp">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sql</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1">// &quot;UPDATE `users` SET `name` = ?&quot;</span>
</pre></div>
<p>You can see that SQL has generated an equivalent <code>UPDATE</code> query with the appropriate syntax.</p>
<h2 id="data-definition">Data Definition<a class="headerlink" href="#data-definition" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>DDL (data definition language) is used to create, update, and delete schemas in the database. This is done via statements like <code>CREATE TABLE</code>, <code>DROP TABLE</code>, etc. Let's take a look at how we would serialize the following SQL query.</p>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><span class="k">CREATE</span> <span class="k">TABLE</span> <span class="n">users</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">id</span> <span class="nb">INTEGER</span> <span class="k">PRIMARY</span> <span class="k">KEY</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span> <span class="nb">TEXT</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
<p>This example is using SQLite-like syntax, but that is not required. Let's generate this query in Swift.</p>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">// Create a new data definition query for the table.</span>
<span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">users</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">DataDefinitionQuery</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">statement</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">.</span><span class="n">create</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">table</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&quot;users&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1">// Create and append the id column.</span>
<span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nv">id</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">DataDefinitionColumn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&quot;id&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">dataType</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&quot;INTEGER&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">attributes</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&quot;PRIMARY KEY&quot;</span><span class="p">])</span>
<span class="n">users</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">addColumns</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">id</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1">// Create and append the name column.</span>
<span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nv">name</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">DataDefinitionColumn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&quot;name&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">dataType</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&quot;TEXT&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">users</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">addColumns</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1">// Serialize the query.</span>
<span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nv">sql</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">GeneralSQLSerializer</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">shared</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">serialize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">query</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">user</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="bp">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sql</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1">// &quot;CREATE TABLE `users` (`id` INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, `name` TEXT)&quot;</span>
</pre></div>
<p>That's all it takes to generate a <code>CREATE</code> query.</p>
<h2 id="serializer">Serializer<a class="headerlink" href="#serializer" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>The default <code>GeneralSQLSerializer</code> that comes with this library generates a fairly "standard" SQL syntax. However, each flavor of SQL (SQLite, MySQL, PostgreSQL, etc) all have specific rules for their syntax. </p>
<p>To deal with this, all serializers are backed by the <a href="https://api.vapor.codes/sql/latest/SQL/Protocols/SQLSerializer.html"><code>SQLSerializer</code></a> protocol. All serialization methods are defined on this protocol and come with a default implementation. Custom serializers can conform to this protocol and implement only the methods they need to customize. </p>
<p>Let's take a look at how we would implement a <code>PostgreSQLSerializer</code> that uses <code>$x</code> placeholders instead of <code>?</code>.</p>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">/// Postgres-flavor SQL serializer.</span>
<span class="kr">final</span> <span class="kd">class</span> <span class="nc">PostgreSQLSerializer</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">SQLSerializer</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="c1">/// Keeps track of the current placeholder count.</span>
<span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">count</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">Int</span>
<span class="c1">/// Creates a new `PostgreSQLSerializer`.</span>
<span class="kd">init</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="kc">self</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="bp">count</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="c1">/// See `SQLSerializer`.</span>
<span class="kd">func</span> <span class="nf">makePlaceholder</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">-&gt;</span> <span class="nb">String</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">defer</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="bp">count</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="mi">1</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="s">&quot;$</span><span class="si">\(</span><span class="bp">count</span><span class="si">)</span><span class="s">&quot;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
<p>Here we've implemented <code>PostgreSQLSerializer</code> and overriden one method from <code>SQLSerializer</code>, <code>makePlaceholder()</code>.</p>
<p>Now let's use this serializer to serialize the <a href="#data-query">data query</a> from a previous example.</p>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">// Data query from previous example</span>
<span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nv">users</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">DataQuery</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="p">...</span>
<span class="c1">// Serialize the query.</span>
<span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nv">sql</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">PostgreSQLSerializer</span><span class="p">().</span><span class="n">serialize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">query</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">users</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="bp">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sql</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1">// &quot;SELECT * FROM `users` WHERE (`name` = $1)&quot;</span>
</pre></div>
<p>That's it, congratulations on implementing a custom serializer.</p>
<h2 id="api-docs">API Docs<a class="headerlink" href="#api-docs" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>Check out the <a href="https://api.vapor.codes/sql/latest/SQL/index.html">API docs</a> for more in-depth information about SQL's APIs.</p>
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