diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index f20c5270..64610cc2 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -2722,7 +2722,9 @@ dependencies = [
  "notify",
  "once_cell",
  "open",
+ "parking_lot",
  "pathdiff",
+ "rayon",
  "rustls",
  "rustls-pemfile",
  "same-file",
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 2163d7c0..9e6e5ac0 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -67,6 +67,7 @@ once_cell = "1"
 open = "5.0.1"
 oxipng = { version = "9.0", default-features = false, features = ["filetime", "parallel", "zopfli"] }
 palette = { version = "0.7.3", default-features = false, features = ["approx", "libm"] }
+parking_lot = "0.12.1"
 pathdiff = "0.2"
 pdf-writer = "0.9.2"
 pixglyph = "0.2"
diff --git a/crates/typst-cli/Cargo.toml b/crates/typst-cli/Cargo.toml
index c148bdb3..702746f5 100644
--- a/crates/typst-cli/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/typst-cli/Cargo.toml
@@ -37,7 +37,9 @@ inferno = { workspace = true }
 notify = { workspace = true }
 once_cell = { workspace = true }
 open = { workspace = true }
+parking_lot = { workspace = true }
 pathdiff = { workspace = true }
+rayon = { workspace = true }
 rustls = { workspace = true }
 rustls-pemfile = { workspace = true }
 same-file = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/crates/typst-cli/src/compile.rs b/crates/typst-cli/src/compile.rs
index dd15c8fc..5916f18b 100644
--- a/crates/typst-cli/src/compile.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-cli/src/compile.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,9 @@ use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
 use chrono::{Datelike, Timelike};
 use codespan_reporting::diagnostic::{Diagnostic, Label};
 use codespan_reporting::term::{self, termcolor};
-use ecow::eco_format;
+use ecow::{eco_format, EcoString};
+use parking_lot::RwLock;
+use rayon::iter::{IndexedParallelIterator, IntoParallelRefIterator, ParallelIterator};
 use termcolor::{ColorChoice, StandardStream};
 use typst::diag::{bail, At, Severity, SourceDiagnostic, StrResult};
 use typst::eval::Tracer;
@@ -214,39 +216,48 @@ fn export_image(
     // first page should be numbered "001" if there are between 100 and
     // 999 pages.
     let width = 1 + document.pages.len().checked_ilog10().unwrap_or(0) as usize;
-    let mut storage;
 
     let cache = world.export_cache();
-    for (i, frame) in document.pages.iter().enumerate() {
-        let path = if numbered {
-            storage = string.replace("{n}", &format!("{:0width$}", i + 1));
-            Path::new(&storage)
-        } else {
-            output.as_path()
-        };
 
-        // If we are not watching, don't use the cache.
-        // If the frame is in the cache, skip it.
-        // If the file does not exist, always create it.
-        if watching && cache.is_cached(i, frame) && path.exists() {
-            continue;
-        }
+    // The results are collected in a `Vec<()>` which does not allocate.
+    document
+        .pages
+        .par_iter()
+        .enumerate()
+        .map(|(i, frame)| {
+            let storage;
+            let path = if numbered {
+                storage = string.replace("{n}", &format!("{:0width$}", i + 1));
+                Path::new(&storage)
+            } else {
+                output.as_path()
+            };
 
-        match fmt {
-            ImageExportFormat::Png => {
-                let pixmap =
-                    typst_render::render(frame, command.ppi / 72.0, Color::WHITE);
-                pixmap
-                    .save_png(path)
-                    .map_err(|err| eco_format!("failed to write PNG file ({err})"))?;
+            // If we are not watching, don't use the cache.
+            // If the frame is in the cache, skip it.
+            // If the file does not exist, always create it.
+            if watching && cache.is_cached(i, frame) && path.exists() {
+                return Ok(());
             }
-            ImageExportFormat::Svg => {
-                let svg = typst_svg::svg(frame);
-                fs::write(path, svg.as_bytes())
-                    .map_err(|err| eco_format!("failed to write SVG file ({err})"))?;
+
+            match fmt {
+                ImageExportFormat::Png => {
+                    let pixmap =
+                        typst_render::render(frame, command.ppi / 72.0, Color::WHITE);
+                    pixmap
+                        .save_png(path)
+                        .map_err(|err| eco_format!("failed to write PNG file ({err})"))?;
+                }
+                ImageExportFormat::Svg => {
+                    let svg = typst_svg::svg(frame);
+                    fs::write(path, svg.as_bytes())
+                        .map_err(|err| eco_format!("failed to write SVG file ({err})"))?;
+                }
             }
-        }
-    }
+
+            Ok(())
+        })
+        .collect::<Result<Vec<()>, EcoString>>()?;
 
     Ok(())
 }
@@ -260,26 +271,27 @@ fn export_image(
 /// complexity and memory usage of such a cache.
 pub struct ExportCache {
     /// The hashes of last compilation's frames.
-    pub cache: Vec<u128>,
+    pub cache: RwLock<Vec<u128>>,
 }
 
 impl ExportCache {
     /// Creates a new export cache.
     pub fn new() -> Self {
-        Self { cache: Vec::with_capacity(32) }
+        Self { cache: RwLock::new(Vec::with_capacity(32)) }
     }
 
     /// Returns true if the entry is cached and appends the new hash to the
     /// cache (for the next compilation).
-    pub fn is_cached(&mut self, i: usize, frame: &Frame) -> bool {
+    pub fn is_cached(&self, i: usize, frame: &Frame) -> bool {
         let hash = typst::util::hash128(frame);
 
-        if i >= self.cache.len() {
-            self.cache.push(hash);
+        let mut cache = self.cache.upgradable_read();
+        if i >= cache.len() {
+            cache.with_upgraded(|cache| cache.push(hash));
             return false;
         }
 
-        std::mem::replace(&mut self.cache[i], hash) == hash
+        cache.with_upgraded(|cache| std::mem::replace(&mut cache[i], hash) == hash)
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/typst-cli/src/world.rs b/crates/typst-cli/src/world.rs
index cd4244fc..095458df 100644
--- a/crates/typst-cli/src/world.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-cli/src/world.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
-use std::sync::{OnceLock, RwLock};
+use std::sync::OnceLock;
 use std::{fs, mem};
 
 use chrono::{DateTime, Datelike, Local};
 use comemo::Prehashed;
 use ecow::eco_format;
+use parking_lot::Mutex;
 use typst::diag::{FileError, FileResult, StrResult};
 use typst::foundations::{Bytes, Datetime, Dict, IntoValue};
 use typst::syntax::{FileId, Source, VirtualPath};
@@ -34,7 +35,7 @@ pub struct SystemWorld {
     /// Locations of and storage for lazily loaded fonts.
     fonts: Vec<FontSlot>,
     /// Maps file ids to source files and buffers.
-    slots: RwLock<HashMap<FileId, FileSlot>>,
+    slots: Mutex<HashMap<FileId, FileSlot>>,
     /// The current datetime if requested. This is stored here to ensure it is
     /// always the same within one compilation. Reset between compilations.
     now: OnceLock<DateTime<Local>>,
@@ -89,7 +90,7 @@ impl SystemWorld {
             library: Prehashed::new(library),
             book: Prehashed::new(searcher.book),
             fonts: searcher.fonts,
-            slots: RwLock::new(HashMap::new()),
+            slots: Mutex::new(HashMap::new()),
             now: OnceLock::new(),
             export_cache: ExportCache::new(),
         })
@@ -114,7 +115,6 @@ impl SystemWorld {
     pub fn dependencies(&mut self) -> impl Iterator<Item = PathBuf> + '_ {
         self.slots
             .get_mut()
-            .unwrap()
             .values()
             .filter(|slot| slot.accessed())
             .filter_map(|slot| system_path(&self.root, slot.id).ok())
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ impl SystemWorld {
 
     /// Reset the compilation state in preparation of a new compilation.
     pub fn reset(&mut self) {
-        for slot in self.slots.get_mut().unwrap().values_mut() {
+        for slot in self.slots.get_mut().values_mut() {
             slot.reset();
         }
         self.now.take();
@@ -140,8 +140,8 @@ impl SystemWorld {
     }
 
     /// Gets access to the export cache.
-    pub fn export_cache(&mut self) -> &mut ExportCache {
-        &mut self.export_cache
+    pub fn export_cache(&self) -> &ExportCache {
+        &self.export_cache
     }
 }
 
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ impl SystemWorld {
     where
         F: FnOnce(&mut FileSlot) -> T,
     {
-        let mut map = self.slots.write().unwrap();
+        let mut map = self.slots.lock();
         f(map.entry(id).or_insert_with(|| FileSlot::new(id)))
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/typst-pdf/src/lib.rs b/crates/typst-pdf/src/lib.rs
index 3982d156..dba4e3dc 100644
--- a/crates/typst-pdf/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-pdf/src/lib.rs
@@ -290,6 +290,13 @@ fn deflate_memoized(content: &[u8]) -> Arc<Vec<u8>> {
     Arc::new(deflate(content))
 }
 
+/// Memoized and deferred version of [`deflate`] specialized for a page's content
+/// stream.
+#[comemo::memoize]
+fn deflate_deferred(content: Vec<u8>) -> Deferred<Vec<u8>> {
+    Deferred::new(move || deflate(&content))
+}
+
 /// Create a base64-encoded hash of the value.
 fn hash_base64<T: Hash>(value: &T) -> String {
     base64::engine::general_purpose::STANDARD
diff --git a/crates/typst-pdf/src/page.rs b/crates/typst-pdf/src/page.rs
index e4322f5f..05501d2c 100644
--- a/crates/typst-pdf/src/page.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-pdf/src/page.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ use typst::layout::{
 };
 use typst::model::Destination;
 use typst::text::{Font, TextItem};
-use typst::util::Numeric;
+use typst::util::{Deferred, Numeric};
 use typst::visualize::{
     FixedStroke, Geometry, Image, LineCap, LineJoin, Paint, Path, PathItem, Shape,
 };
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ use typst::visualize::{
 use crate::color::PaintEncode;
 use crate::extg::ExtGState;
 use crate::image::deferred_image;
-use crate::{deflate_memoized, AbsExt, EmExt, PdfContext};
+use crate::{deflate_deferred, AbsExt, EmExt, PdfContext};
 
 /// Construct page objects.
 #[tracing::instrument(skip_all)]
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ pub(crate) fn construct_page(ctx: &mut PdfContext, frame: &Frame) -> (Ref, Page)
 
     let page = Page {
         size,
-        content: ctx.content.finish(),
+        content: deflate_deferred(ctx.content.finish()),
         id: ctx.page_ref,
         uses_opacities: ctx.uses_opacities,
         links: ctx.links,
@@ -198,8 +198,9 @@ fn write_page(ctx: &mut PdfContext, i: usize) {
     annotations.finish();
     page_writer.finish();
 
-    let data = deflate_memoized(&page.content);
-    ctx.pdf.stream(content_id, &data).filter(Filter::FlateDecode);
+    ctx.pdf
+        .stream(content_id, page.content.wait())
+        .filter(Filter::FlateDecode);
 }
 
 /// Write the page labels.
@@ -258,7 +259,7 @@ pub struct Page {
     /// The page's dimensions.
     pub size: Size,
     /// The page's content stream.
-    pub content: Vec<u8>,
+    pub content: Deferred<Vec<u8>>,
     /// Whether the page uses opacities.
     pub uses_opacities: bool,
     /// Links in the PDF coordinate system.
diff --git a/crates/typst-pdf/src/pattern.rs b/crates/typst-pdf/src/pattern.rs
index 296760dd..ea7d48e0 100644
--- a/crates/typst-pdf/src/pattern.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-pdf/src/pattern.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use typst::visualize::{Pattern, RelativeTo};
 
 use crate::color::PaintEncode;
 use crate::page::{construct_page, PageContext, PageResource, ResourceKind, Transforms};
-use crate::{deflate_memoized, transform_to_array, PdfContext};
+use crate::{transform_to_array, PdfContext};
 
 /// Writes the actual patterns (tiling patterns) to the PDF.
 /// This is performed once after writing all pages.
@@ -16,8 +16,7 @@ pub(crate) fn write_patterns(ctx: &mut PdfContext) {
         let tiling = ctx.alloc.bump();
         ctx.pattern_refs.push(tiling);
 
-        let content = deflate_memoized(content);
-        let mut tiling_pattern = ctx.pdf.tiling_pattern(tiling, &content);
+        let mut tiling_pattern = ctx.pdf.tiling_pattern(tiling, content);
         tiling_pattern
             .tiling_type(TilingType::ConstantSpacing)
             .paint_type(PaintType::Colored)
@@ -81,7 +80,7 @@ pub(crate) fn write_patterns(ctx: &mut PdfContext) {
 }
 
 /// A pattern and its transform.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
 pub struct PdfPattern {
     /// The transform to apply to the gradient.
     pub transform: Transform,
@@ -120,7 +119,7 @@ fn register_pattern(
     let pdf_pattern = PdfPattern {
         transform,
         pattern: pattern.clone(),
-        content: content.content,
+        content: content.content.wait().clone(),
         resources: content.resources.into_iter().collect(),
     };