363 lines
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<h1 id="high-level-overview-of-the-compiler-source"><a class="header" href="#high-level-overview-of-the-compiler-source">High-level overview of the compiler source</a></h1>
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<ul>
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<li><a href="#workspace-structure">Workspace structure</a></li>
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<li><a href="#compiler">Compiler</a>
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<ul>
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<li><a href="#big-picture">Big picture</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li><a href="#rustdoc">rustdoc</a></li>
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<li><a href="#tests">Tests</a></li>
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<li><a href="#build-system">Build System</a></li>
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<li><a href="#standard-library">Standard library</a></li>
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<li><a href="#other">Other</a></li>
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</ul>
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<p>Now that we have <a href="./overview.html">seen what the compiler does</a>,
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let's take a look at the structure of the <a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/rust"><code>rust-lang/rust</code></a> repository,
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where the rustc source code lives.</p>
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<blockquote>
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<p>You may find it helpful to read the <a href="./overview.html">"Overview of the compiler"</a>
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chapter, which introduces how the compiler works, before this one.</p>
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</blockquote>
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<h2 id="workspace-structure"><a class="header" href="#workspace-structure">Workspace structure</a></h2>
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<p>The <a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/rust"><code>rust-lang/rust</code></a> repository consists of a single large cargo workspace
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containing the compiler, the standard libraries (<a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/tree/master/library/core"><code>core</code></a>, <a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/tree/master/library/alloc"><code>alloc</code></a>, <a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/tree/master/library/std"><code>std</code></a>,
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<a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/tree/master/library/proc_macro"><code>proc_macro</code></a>, <a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/tree/master/src/etc"><code>etc</code></a>), and <a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/tree/master/src/tools/rustdoc"><code>rustdoc</code></a>, along with the build system and a
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bunch of tools and submodules for building a full Rust distribution.</p>
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<p>The repository consists of three main directories:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>
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<p><a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/tree/master/compiler"><code>compiler/</code></a> contains the source code for <code>rustc</code>. It consists of many crates
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that together make up the compiler.</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p><a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/tree/master/library"><code>library/</code></a> contains the standard libraries (<a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/tree/master/library/core"><code>core</code></a>, <a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/tree/master/library/alloc"><code>alloc</code></a>, <a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/tree/master/library/std"><code>std</code></a>,
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<a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/tree/master/library/proc_macro"><code>proc_macro</code></a>, <a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/tree/master/library/test"><code>test</code></a>), as well as the Rust runtime (<a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/backtrace-rs/"><code>backtrace</code></a>, <a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/tree/master/library/rtstartup"><code>rtstartup</code></a>,
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<a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/master/library/std/src/rt.rs"><code>lang_start</code></a>).</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p><a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/tree/master/tests"><code>tests/</code></a> contains the compiler tests.</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p><a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/tree/master/src"><code>src/</code></a> contains the source code for <a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/tree/master/src/tools/rustdoc"><code>rustdoc</code></a>, <a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/tree/master/src/tools/clippy"><code>clippy</code></a>, <a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/cargo"><code>cargo</code></a>, the build system,
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language docs, etc.</p>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<h2 id="compiler"><a class="header" href="#compiler">Compiler</a></h2>
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<p>The compiler is implemented in the various <a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/tree/master/compiler"><code>compiler/</code></a> crates.
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The <a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/tree/master/compiler"><code>compiler/</code></a> crates all have names starting with <code>rustc_*</code>. These are a
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collection of around 50 interdependent crates ranging in size from tiny to
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huge. There is also the <code>rustc</code> crate which is the actual binary (i.e. the
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<code>main</code> function); it doesn't actually do anything besides calling the
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<a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_driver/index.html"><code>rustc_driver</code></a> crate, which drives the various parts of compilation in other
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crates.</p>
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<p>The dependency order of these crates is complex, but roughly it is
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something like this:</p>
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<ol>
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<li><code>rustc</code> (the binary) calls <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_driver/fn.main.html"><code>rustc_driver::main</code></a>.</li>
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<li><a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_driver/index.html"><code>rustc_driver</code></a> depends on a lot of other crates, but the main one is
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<a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_interface/index.html"><code>rustc_interface</code></a>.</li>
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<li><a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_interface/index.html"><code>rustc_interface</code></a> depends on most of the other compiler crates. It is a
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fairly generic interface for driving the whole compilation.</li>
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<li>Most of the other <code>rustc_*</code> crates depend on <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_middle/index.html"><code>rustc_middle</code></a>, which defines
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a lot of central data structures in the compiler.</li>
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<li><a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_middle/index.html"><code>rustc_middle</code></a> and most of the other crates depend on a handful of crates
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representing the early parts of the compiler (e.g. the parser), fundamental
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data structures (e.g. <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_span/struct.Span.html"><code>Span</code></a>), or error reporting:
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<a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_data_structures/index.html"><code>rustc_data_structures</code></a>, <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_span/index.html"><code>rustc_span</code></a>, <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_errors/index.html"><code>rustc_errors</code></a>, etc.</li>
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</ol>
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<p>You can see the exact dependencies by running <code>cargo tree</code>,
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just like you would for any other Rust package:</p>
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<pre><code class="language-console">cargo tree --package rustc_driver
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</code></pre>
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<p>One final thing: <a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/tree/master/src/"><code>src/llvm-project</code></a> is a submodule for our fork of LLVM.
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During bootstrapping, LLVM is built and the <a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/tree/master/compiler/rustc_llvm"><code>compiler/rustc_llvm</code></a> crate
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contains Rust wrappers around LLVM (which is written in C++), so that the
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compiler can interface with it.</p>
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<p>Most of this book is about the compiler, so we won't have any further
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explanation of these crates here.</p>
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<h3 id="big-picture"><a class="header" href="#big-picture">Big picture</a></h3>
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<p>The dependency structure of the compiler is influenced by two main factors:</p>
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<ol>
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<li>Organization. The compiler is a <em>huge</em> codebase; it would be an impossibly
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large crate. In part, the dependency structure reflects the code structure
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of the compiler.</li>
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<li>Compile-time. By breaking the compiler into multiple crates, we can take
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better advantage of incremental/parallel compilation using cargo. In
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particular, we try to have as few dependencies between crates as possible so
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that we don't have to rebuild as many crates if you change one.</li>
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</ol>
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<p>At the very bottom of the dependency tree are a handful of crates that are used
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by the whole compiler (e.g. <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_span/index.html"><code>rustc_span</code></a>). The very early parts of the
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compilation process (e.g. <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_parse/index.html">parsing and the Abstract Syntax Tree (<code>AST</code>)</a>)
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depend on only these.</p>
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<p>After the <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_parse/index.html"><code>AST</code></a> is constructed and other early analysis is done, the
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compiler's <a href="./query.html">query system</a> gets set up. The query system is set up in a
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clever way using function pointers. This allows us to break dependencies
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between crates, allowing more parallel compilation. The query system is defined
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in <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_middle/index.html"><code>rustc_middle</code></a>, so nearly all subsequent parts of the compiler depend on
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this crate. It is a really large crate, leading to long compile times. Some
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efforts have been made to move stuff out of it with varying success. Another
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side-effect is that sometimes related functionality gets scattered across
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different crates. For example, linting functionality is found across earlier
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parts of the crate, <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_lint/index.html"><code>rustc_lint</code></a>, <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_middle/index.html"><code>rustc_middle</code></a>, and other places.</p>
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<p>Ideally there would be fewer, more cohesive crates, with incremental and
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parallel compilation making sure compile times stay reasonable. However,
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incremental and parallel compilation haven't gotten good enough for that yet,
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so breaking things into separate crates has been our solution so far.</p>
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<p>At the top of the dependency tree is <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_driver/index.html"><code>rustc_driver</code></a> and <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_interface/index.html"><code>rustc_interface</code></a>
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which is an unstable wrapper around the query system helping drive various
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stages of compilation. Other consumers of the compiler may use this interface
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in different ways (e.g. <a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/tree/master/src/tools/rustdoc"><code>rustdoc</code></a> or maybe eventually <code>rust-analyzer</code>). The
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<a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_driver/index.html"><code>rustc_driver</code></a> crate first parses command line arguments and then uses
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<a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_interface/index.html"><code>rustc_interface</code></a> to drive the compilation to completion.</p>
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<h2 id="rustdoc"><a class="header" href="#rustdoc">rustdoc</a></h2>
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<p>The bulk of <a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/tree/master/src/tools/rustdoc"><code>rustdoc</code></a> is in <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustdoc/index.html"><code>librustdoc</code></a>. However, the <a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/tree/master/src/tools/rustdoc"><code>rustdoc</code></a> binary
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itself is <a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/tree/master/src/tools/rustdoc"><code>src/tools/rustdoc</code></a>, which does nothing except call <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustdoc/fn.main.html"><code>rustdoc::main</code></a>.</p>
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<p>There is also <code>JavaScript</code> and <code>CSS</code> for the docs in <a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/tree/master/src/tools/rustdoc-js"><code>src/tools/rustdoc-js</code></a>
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and <a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/tree/master/src/tools/rustdoc-themes"><code>src/tools/rustdoc-themes</code></a>.</p>
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<p>You can read more about <a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/tree/master/src/tools/rustdoc"><code>rustdoc</code></a> in <a href="./rustdoc.html">this chapter</a>.</p>
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<h2 id="tests"><a class="header" href="#tests">Tests</a></h2>
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<p>The test suite for all of the above is in <a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/tree/master/tests"><code>tests/</code></a>. You can read more
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about the test suite <a href="./tests/intro.html">in this chapter</a>.</p>
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<p>The test harness is in <a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/tree/master/src/tools/compiletest"><code>src/tools/compiletest/</code></a>.</p>
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<h2 id="build-system"><a class="header" href="#build-system">Build System</a></h2>
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<p>There are a number of tools in the repository just for building the compiler,
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standard library, <a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/tree/master/src/tools/rustdoc"><code>rustdoc</code></a>, etc, along with testing, building a full Rust
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distribution, etc.</p>
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<p>One of the primary tools is <a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/tree/master/src/bootstrap"><code>src/bootstrap/</code></a>. You can read more about
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bootstrapping <a href="./building/bootstrapping/intro.html">in this chapter</a>. The process may also use other tools
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from <a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/tree/master/src/tools"><code>src/tools/</code></a>, such as <a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/tree/master/src/tools/tidy"><code>tidy/</code></a> or <a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/tree/master/src/tools/compiletest"><code>compiletest/</code></a>.</p>
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<h2 id="standard-library"><a class="header" href="#standard-library">Standard library</a></h2>
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<p>This code is fairly similar to most other Rust crates except that it must be
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built in a special way because it can use unstable (<a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/"><code>nightly</code></a>) features.
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The standard library is sometimes referred to as <a href="https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/0040-libstd-facade.html"><code>libstd or the "standard facade"</code></a>.</p>
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<h2 id="other"><a class="header" href="#other">Other</a></h2>
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<p>There are a lot of other things in the <code>rust-lang/rust</code> repo that are related
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|
to building a full Rust distribution. Most of the time you don't need to worry about them.</p>
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<p>These include:</p>
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<ul>
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|
<li><a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/tree/master/src/ci"><code>src/ci</code></a>: The CI configuration. This actually quite extensive because we
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run a lot of tests on a lot of platforms.</li>
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<li><a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/tree/master/src/doc"><code>src/doc</code></a>: Various documentation, including submodules for a few books.</li>
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<li><a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/tree/master/src/etc"><code>src/etc</code></a>: Miscellaneous utilities.</li>
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<li>And more...</li>
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