create a separate chapter on arenas/interning

src/SUMMARY.md

@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@
         - [Debugging and Testing](./incrcomp-debugging.md)
         - [Profiling Queries](./queries/profiling.md)
         - [Salsa](./salsa.md)
+    - [Memory Management in Rustc](./memory.md)
     - [Lexing and Parsing](./the-parser.md)
     - [`#[test]` Implementation](./test-implementation.md)
     - [Panic Implementation](./panic-implementation.md)

src/memory.md

@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+# Memory Management in Rustc
+
+Rustc tries to be pretty careful how it manages memory. The compiler allocates
+_a lot_ of data structures throughout compilation, and if we are not careful,
+it will take a lot of time and space to do so.
+
+One of the main way the compiler manages this is using arenas and interning.
+
+## Arenas and  Interning
+
+We create a LOT of data structures during compilation. For performance reasons,
+we allocate them from a global memory pool; they are each allocated once from a
+long-lived *arena*. This is called _arena allocation_. This system reduces
+allocations/deallocations of memory. It also allows for easy comparison of
+types for equality: for each interned type `X`, we implemented [`PartialEq for
+X`][peqimpl], so we can just compare pointers. The [`CtxtInterners`] type
+contains a bunch of maps of interned types and the arena itself.
+
+[peqimpl]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/3ee936378662bd2e74be951d6a7011a95a6bd84d/src/librustc/ty/mod.rs#L528-L534
+[`CtxtInterners`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc/ty/struct.CtxtInterners.html#structfield.arena
+
+### Example: `ty::TyS`
+
+Taking the example of [`ty::TyS`] which represents a type in the compiler (you
+can read more [here](./ty.md)).  Each time we want to construct a type, the
+compiler doesn’t naively allocate from the buffer.  Instead, we check if that
+type was already constructed. If it was, we just get the same pointer we had
+before, otherwise we make a fresh pointer. With this schema if we want to know
+if two types are the same, all we need to do is compare the pointers which is
+efficient. `TyS` is carefully setup so you never construct them on the stack.
+You always allocate them from this arena and you always intern them so they are
+unique.
+
+At the beginning of the compilation we make a buffer and each time we need to allocate a type we use
+some of this memory buffer. If we run out of space we get another one. The lifetime of that buffer
+is `'tcx`. Our types are tied to that lifetime, so when compilation finishes all the memory related
+to that buffer is freed and our `'tcx` references would be invalid.
+
+In addition to types, there are a number of other arena-allocated data structures that you can
+allocate, and which are found in this module. Here are a few examples:
+
+- [`Substs`][subst], allocated with `mk_substs` – this will intern a slice of types, often used to
+  specify the values to be substituted for generics (e.g. `HashMap<i32, u32>` would be represented
+  as a slice `&'tcx [tcx.types.i32, tcx.types.u32]`).
+- [`TraitRef`], typically passed by value – a **trait reference** consists of a reference to a trait
+  along with its various type parameters (including `Self`), like `i32: Display` (here, the def-id
+  would reference the `Display` trait, and the substs would contain `i32`). Note that `def-id` is
+  defined and discussed in depth in the `AdtDef and DefId` section.
+- [`Predicate`] defines something the trait system has to prove (see `traits` module).
+
+[subst]: ./generic_arguments.html#subst
+[`TraitRef`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc/ty/struct.TraitRef.html
+[`Predicate`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc/ty/enum.Predicate.html
+
+[`ty::TyS`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc/ty/struct.TyS.html
+
+## The tcx and how it uses lifetimes
+
+The `tcx` ("typing context") is the central data structure in the compiler. It is the context that
+you use to perform all manner of queries. The struct `TyCtxt` defines a reference to this shared
+context:
+
+```rust,ignore
+tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>
+//          ----
+//          |
+//          arena lifetime
+```
+
+As you can see, the `TyCtxt` type takes a lifetime parameter. When you see a reference with a
+lifetime like `'tcx`, you know that it refers to arena-allocated data (or data that lives as long as
+the arenas, anyhow).
+
+### A Note On Lifetimes
+
+The Rust compiler is a fairly large program containing lots of big data
+structures (e.g. the AST, HIR, and the type system) and as such, arenas and
+references are heavily relied upon to minimize unnecessary memory use. This
+manifests itself in the way people can plug into the compiler (i.e. the
+[driver](./rustc-driver.md)), preferring a "push"-style API (callbacks) instead
+of the more Rust-ic "pull" style (think the `Iterator` trait).
+
+Thread-local storage and interning are used a lot through the compiler to reduce
+duplication while also preventing a lot of the ergonomic issues due to many
+pervasive lifetimes. The [`rustc::ty::tls`][tls] module is used to access these
+thread-locals, although you should rarely need to touch it.
+
+[tls]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc/ty/tls/index.html

src/rustc-driver.md

@@ -32,19 +32,6 @@ replaces this functionality.
 > **Warning:** By its very nature, the internal compiler APIs are always going
 > to be unstable. That said, we do try not to break things unnecessarily.
 
-## A Note On Lifetimes
-
-The Rust compiler is a fairly large program containing lots of big data
-structures (e.g. the AST, HIR, and the type system) and as such, arenas and
-references are heavily relied upon to minimize unnecessary memory use. This
-manifests itself in the way people can plug into the compiler, preferring a
-"push"-style API (callbacks) instead of the more Rust-ic "pull" style (think
-the `Iterator` trait).
-
-Thread-local storage and interning are used a lot through the compiler to reduce
-duplication while also preventing a lot of the ergonomic issues due to many
-pervasive lifetimes. The `rustc::ty::tls` module is used to access these
-thread-locals, although you should rarely need to touch it.
 
 [cb]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_driver/trait.Callbacks.html
 [rd_rc]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_driver/fn.run_compiler.html

src/ty.md

@@ -119,12 +119,41 @@ field of type [`TyKind`][tykind], which represents the key type information. `Ty
 which represents different kinds of types (e.g. primitives, references, abstract data types,
 generics, lifetimes, etc). `TyS` also has 2 more fields, `flags` and `outer_exclusive_binder`. They
 are convenient hacks for efficiency and summarize information about the type that we may want to
-know, but they don’t come into the picture as much here.
+know, but they don’t come into the picture as much here. Finally, `ty::TyS`s
+are [interned](./memory.md), so that the `ty::Ty` can be a thin pointer-like
+type. This allows us to do cheap comparisons for equality, along with the other
+benefits of interning.
 
 [tys]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc/ty/struct.TyS.html
 [kind]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc/ty/struct.TyS.html#structfield.kind
 [tykind]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc/ty/enum.TyKind.html
 
+## Allocating and working with types
+
+To allocate a new type, you can use the various `mk_` methods defined on the `tcx`. These have names
+that correspond mostly to the various kinds of types. For example:
+
+```rust,ignore
+let array_ty = tcx.mk_array(elem_ty, len * 2);
+```
+
+These methods all return a `Ty<'tcx>` – note that the lifetime you get back is the lifetime of the
+arena that this `tcx` has access to. Types are always canonicalized and interned (so we never
+allocate exactly the same type twice).
+
+> NB. Because types are interned, it is possible to compare them for equality efficiently using `==`
+> – however, this is almost never what you want to do unless you happen to be hashing and looking
+> for duplicates. This is because often in Rust there are multiple ways to represent the same type,
+> particularly once inference is involved. If you are going to be testing for type equality, you
+> probably need to start looking into the inference code to do it right.
+
+You can also find various common types in the `tcx` itself by accessing `tcx.types.bool`,
+`tcx.types.char`, etc (see [`CommonTypes`] for more).
+
+[`CommonTypes`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc/ty/context/struct.CommonTypes.html
+
+## `ty::TyKind` Variants
+
 Note: `TyKind` is **NOT** the functional programming concept of *Kind*.
 
 Whenever working with a `Ty` in the compiler, it is common to match on the kind of type:
@@ -147,8 +176,6 @@ types in the compiler.
 There are a lot of related types, and we’ll cover them in time (e.g regions/lifetimes,
 “substitutions”, etc).
 
-## `ty::TyKind` Variants
-
 There are a bunch of variants on the `TyKind` enum, which you can see by looking at the rustdocs.
 Here is a sampling:
 
@@ -191,90 +218,6 @@ will discuss this more later.
 [kinderr]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc/ty/enum.TyKind.html#variant.Error
 [kindvars]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc/ty/enum.TyKind.html#variants
 
-## Interning
-
-We create a LOT of types during compilation. For performance reasons, we allocate them from a global
-memory pool, they are each allocated once from a long-lived *arena*. This is called _arena
-allocation_. This system reduces allocations/deallocations of memory. It also allows for easy
-comparison of types for equality: we implemented [`PartialEq for TyS`][peqimpl], so we can just
-compare pointers. The [`CtxtInterners`] type contains a bunch of maps of interned types and the
-arena itself.
-
-[peqimpl]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/3ee936378662bd2e74be951d6a7011a95a6bd84d/src/librustc/ty/mod.rs#L528-L534
-[`CtxtInterners`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc/ty/struct.CtxtInterners.html#structfield.arena
-
-Each time we want to construct a type, the compiler doesn’t naively allocate from the buffer.
-Instead, we check if that type was already constructed. If it was, we just get the same pointer we
-had before, otherwise we make a fresh pointer. With this schema if we want to know if two types are
-the same, all we need to do is compare the pointers which is efficient. `TyS` which represents types
-is carefully setup so you never construct them on the stack. You always allocate them from this
-arena and you always intern them so they are unique.
-
-At the beginning of the compilation we make a buffer and each time we need to allocate a type we use
-some of this memory buffer. If we run out of space we get another one. The lifetime of that buffer
-is `'tcx`. Our types are tied to that lifetime, so when compilation finishes all the memory related
-to that buffer is freed and our `'tcx` references would be invalid.
-
-
-## The tcx and how it uses lifetimes
-
-The `tcx` ("typing context") is the central data structure in the compiler. It is the context that
-you use to perform all manner of queries. The struct `TyCtxt` defines a reference to this shared
-context:
-
-```rust,ignore
-tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>
-//          ----
-//          |
-//          arena lifetime
-```
-
-As you can see, the `TyCtxt` type takes a lifetime parameter. When you see a reference with a
-lifetime like `'tcx`, you know that it refers to arena-allocated data (or data that lives as long as
-the arenas, anyhow).
-
-## Allocating and working with types
-
-To allocate a new type, you can use the various `mk_` methods defined on the `tcx`. These have names
-that correspond mostly to the various kinds of types. For example:
-
-```rust,ignore
-let array_ty = tcx.mk_array(elem_ty, len * 2);
-```
-
-These methods all return a `Ty<'tcx>` – note that the lifetime you get back is the lifetime of the
-arena that this `tcx` has access to. Types are always canonicalized and interned (so we never
-allocate exactly the same type twice).
-
-> NB. Because types are interned, it is possible to compare them for equality efficiently using `==`
-> – however, this is almost never what you want to do unless you happen to be hashing and looking
-> for duplicates. This is because often in Rust there are multiple ways to represent the same type,
-> particularly once inference is involved. If you are going to be testing for type equality, you
-> probably need to start looking into the inference code to do it right.
-
-You can also find various common types in the `tcx` itself by accessing `tcx.types.bool`,
-`tcx.types.char`, etc (see [`CommonTypes`] for more).
-
-[`CommonTypes`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc/ty/context/struct.CommonTypes.html
-
-## Beyond types: other kinds of arena-allocated data structures
-
-In addition to types, there are a number of other arena-allocated data structures that you can
-allocate, and which are found in this module. Here are a few examples:
-
-- [`Substs`][subst], allocated with `mk_substs` – this will intern a slice of types, often used to
-  specify the values to be substituted for generics (e.g. `HashMap<i32, u32>` would be represented
-  as a slice `&'tcx [tcx.types.i32, tcx.types.u32]`).
-- [`TraitRef`], typically passed by value – a **trait reference** consists of a reference to a trait
-  along with its various type parameters (including `Self`), like `i32: Display` (here, the def-id
-  would reference the `Display` trait, and the substs would contain `i32`). Note that `def-id` is
-  defined and discussed in depth in the `AdtDef and DefId` section.
-- [`Predicate`] defines something the trait system has to prove (see `traits` module).
-
-[subst]: ./generic_arguments.html#subst
-[`TraitRef`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc/ty/struct.TraitRef.html
-[`Predicate`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc/ty/enum.Predicate.html
-
 ## Import conventions
 
 Although there is no hard and fast rule, the `ty` module tends to be used like so:

src/type-inference.md

@@ -43,13 +43,6 @@ tcx.infer_ctxt().enter(|infcx| {
 })
 ```
 
-Each inference context creates a short-lived type arena to store the
-fresh types and things that it will create, as described in the
-[chapter on the `ty` module][ty-ch]. This arena is created by the `enter`
-function and disposed of after it returns.
-
-[ty-ch]: ty.html
-
 Within the closure, `infcx` has the type `InferCtxt<'cx, 'tcx>` for some
 fresh `'cx`, while `'tcx` is the same as outside the inference context.
 (Again, see the [`ty` chapter][ty-ch] for more details on this setup.)