Add Karrq's salsa chapter (#529)

* add Karrq's salsa chapter

* add youtu.be short url

book.toml

@@ -15,6 +15,6 @@ level = 1
 
 [output.linkcheck]
 follow-web-links = true
-exclude = [ "crates\\.io", "gcc\\.godbolt\\.org", "youtube\\.com", "dl\\.acm\\.org" ]
+exclude = [ "crates\\.io", "gcc\\.godbolt\\.org", "youtube\\.com", "youtu\\.be", "dl\\.acm\\.org" ]
 cache-timeout = 172800
 warning-policy = "error"

src/SUMMARY.md

@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@
         - [Incremental compilation](./queries/incremental-compilation.md)
         - [Incremental compilation In Detail](./queries/incremental-compilation-in-detail.md)
         - [Debugging and Testing](./incrcomp-debugging.md)
+        - [Salsa](./salsa.md)
     - [Lexing and Parsing](./the-parser.md)
     - [`#[test]` Implementation](./test-implementation.md)
     - [Macro expansion](./macro-expansion.md)

src/salsa.md

@@ -0,0 +1,214 @@
+# How Salsa works
+
+This chapter is based on the explanation given by Niko Matsakis in this
+[video](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_muY4HjSqVw) about
+[Salsa](https://github.com/salsa-rs/salsa).
+
+> Salsa is not used directly in rustc, but it is used extensively for
+> rust-analyzer and may be integrated into the compiler in the future.
+
+## What is Salsa?
+
+Salsa is a library for incremental recomputation, this means reusing
+computation that has already been done in the past to increase the efficiency
+of future computations.
+
+The objectives of Salsa are:
+ * Provide that functionality in an automatic way, so reusing old computations
+   is done automatically by the library
+ * Doing so in a "sound", or "correct", way, therefore leading to the same
+   results as if it had been done from scratch
+
+Salsa's actual model is much richer, allowing many kinds of inputs and many
+different outputs.
+For example, integrating Salsa with an IDE could mean that the inputs could be
+the manifest (`Cargo.toml`), entire source files (`foo.rs`), snippets and so
+on; the outputs of such an integration could range from a binary executable, to
+lints, types (for example, if a user selects a certain variable and wishes to
+see its type), completions, etc.
+
+## How does it work?
+
+The first thing that Salsa has to do is identify the "base inputs" [^EN1].
+
+Then Salsa has to also identify intermediate, "derived" values, which are
+something that the library produces, but, for each derived value there's a
+"pure" function that computes the derived value.
+
+For example, there might be a function `ast(x: Path) -> AST`. The produced
+`AST` isn't a final value, it's an intermidiate value that the library would
+use for the computation.
+
+This means that when you try to compute with the library, Salsa is going to
+compute various derived values, and eventually read the input and produce the
+result for the asked computation.
+
+In the course of computing, Salsa tracks which inputs were accessed and which
+values are derived. This information is used to determine what's going to
+happen when the inputs change: are the derived values still valid?
+
+This doesn't necessarily mean that each computation downstream from the input
+is going to be checked, which could be costly. Salsa only needs to check each
+downstream computation until it finds one that isn't changed. At that point, it
+won't check other derived computations since they wouldn't need to change.
+
+It's is helpful to think about this as a graph with nodes. Each derived value
+has a dependency on other values, which could themselves be either base or
+derived. Base values don't have a dependency.
+
+```ignore
+I <- A <- C ...
+          |
+J <- B <--+
+```
+
+When an input `I` changes, the derived value `A` could change. The derived
+value `B` , which does not depend on `I`, `A`, or any value derived from `A` or
+`I`, is not subject to change.  Therefore, Salsa can reuse the computation done
+for `B` in the past, without having to compute it again.
+
+The computation could also terminate early. Keeping the same graph as before,
+say that input `I` has changed in some way (and input `J` hasn't) but, when
+computing `A` again, it's found that `A` hasn't changed from the previous
+computation. This leads to an "early termination", because there's no need to
+check if `C` needs to change, since both `C` direct inputs, `A` and `B`,
+haven't changed.
+
+## Key Salsa concepts
+
+### Query
+
+A query is some value that Salsa can access in the course of computation.  Each
+query can have a number of keys (from 0 to many), and all queries have a
+result, akin to functions.  0-key queries are called "input" queries.
+
+### Database
+
+The database is basically the context for the entire computation, it's meant to
+store Salsa's internal state, all intermediate values for each query, and
+anything else that the computation might need.  The database must know all the
+queries that the library is going to do before it can be built, but they don't
+need to be specified in the same place.
+
+After the database is formed, it can be accessed with queries that are very
+similar to functions.  Since each query's result is stored in the database,
+when a query is invoked N times, it will return N **cloned** results, without
+having to recompute the query (unless the input has changed in such a way that
+it warrants recomputation).
+
+For each input query (0-key), a "set" method is generated, allowing the user to
+change the output of such query, and trigger previous memoized values to be
+potentially invalidated.
+
+### Query Groups
+
+A query group is a set of queries which have been defined together as a unit.
+The database is formed by combining query groups.  Query groups are akin to
+"Salsa modules" [^EN2].
+
+A set of queries in a query group are just a set of methods in a trait.
+
+To create a query group a trait annotated with a specific attribute
+(`#[salsa::query_group(...)]`) has to be created.
+
+An argument must also be provided to said attribute as it will be used by Salsa
+to create a struct to be used later when the database is created.
+
+Example input query group:
+
+```rust,ignore
+/// This attribute will process this tree, produce this tree as output, and produce
+/// a bunch of intermidiate stuff that Salsa also uses.  One of these things is a
+/// "StorageStruct", whose name we have specified in the attribute.
+///
+/// This query group is a bunch of **input** queries, that do not rely on any
+/// derived input.
+#[salsa::query_group(InputsStorage)]
+pub trait Inputs {
+    /// This attribute (`#[salsa::input]`) indicates that this query is a base
+    /// input, therefore `set_manifest` is going to be auto-generated
+    #[salsa::input]
+    fn manifest(&self) -> Manifest;
+
+    #[salsa::input]
+    fn source_text(&self, name: String) -> String;
+}
+```
+
+To create a **derived** query group, one must specify which other query groups
+this one depends on by specifying them as supertraits, as seen in the following
+example:
+
+```rust,ignore
+/// This query group is going to contain queries that depend on derived values a
+/// query group can access another query group's queries by specifying the
+/// dependency as a super trait query groups can be stacked as much as needed using
+/// that pattern.
+#[salsa::query_group(ParserStorage)]
+pub trait Parser: Inputs {
+    /// This query `ast` is not an input query, it's a derived query this means
+    /// that a definition is necessary.
+    fn ast(&self, name: String) -> String;
+}
+```
+
+When creating a derived query the implementation of said query must be defined
+outside the trait.  The definition must take a database parameter as an `impl
+Trait` (or `dyn Trait`), where `Trait` is the query group that the definition
+belongs to, in addition to the other keys.
+
+```rust,ignore
+///This is going to be the definition of the `ast` query in the `Parser` trait.
+///So, when the query `ast` is invoked, and it needs to be recomputed, Salsa is going to call this function
+///and it's is going to give it the database as `impl Parser`.
+///The function doesn't need to be aware of all the queries of all the query groups
+fn ast(db: &impl Parser, name: String) -> String {
+    //! Note, `impl Parser` is used here but `dyn Parser` works just as well
+    /* code */
+    ///By passing an `impl Parser`, this is allowed
+    let source_text = db.input_file(name);
+    /* do the actual parsing */
+    return ast;
+}
+```
+
+Eventually, after all the query groups have been defined, the database can be
+created by declaring a struct.
+
+To specify which query groups are going to be part of the database an attribute
+(`#[salsa::database(...)]`) must be added. The argument of said attribute is a
+list of identifiers, specifying the query groups **storages**.
+
+```rust,ignore
+///This attribute specifies which query groups are going to be in the database
+#[salsa::database(InputsStorage, ParserStorage)]
+#[derive(Default)] //optional!
+struct MyDatabase {
+    ///You also need this one field
+    runtime : salsa::Runtime<MyDatabase>,
+}
+///And this trait has to be implemented
+impl salsa::Databse for MyDatabase {
+    fn salsa_runtime(&self) -> &salsa::Runtime<MyDatabase> {
+        &self.runtime
+    }
+}
+```
+
+Example usage:
+
+```rust,ignore
+fn main() {
+    let db = MyDatabase::default();
+    db.set_manifest(...);
+    db.set_source_text(...);
+    loop {
+        db.ast(...); //will reuse results
+        db.set_source_text(...);
+    }
+}
+```
+
+[^EN1]: "They are not something that you **inaubible** but something that you kinda get **inaudible** from the outside [3:23](https://youtu.be/_muY4HjSqVw?t=203).
+
+[^EN2]: What is a Salsa module?