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# Lexing and Parsing
The very first thing the compiler does is take the program (in Unicode) and
transmute it into a data format the compiler can work with more conveniently
than strings. This happens in two stages: Lexing and Parsing.
The very first thing the compiler does is take the program (in UTF-8 Unicode text)
and turn it into a data format the compiler can work with more conveniently than strings.
This happens in two stages: Lexing and Parsing.
1. _Lexing_ takes strings and turns them into streams of [tokens]. For
example, `foo.bar + buz` would be turned into the tokens `foo`, `.`, `bar`,
@ -13,38 +13,36 @@ than strings. This happens in two stages: Lexing and Parsing.
2. _Parsing_ takes streams of tokens and turns them into a structured form
which is easier for the compiler to work with, usually called an [*Abstract
Syntax Tree* (`AST`)][ast] .
Syntax Tree* (AST)][ast] .
An `AST` mirrors the structure of a Rust program in memory, using a `Span` to
link a particular `AST` node back to its source text. The `AST` is defined in
An AST mirrors the structure of a Rust program in memory, using a `Span` to
link a particular AST node back to its source text. The AST is defined in
[`rustc_ast`][rustc_ast], along with some definitions for tokens and token
streams, data structures/`trait`s for mutating `AST`s, and shared definitions for
other `AST`-related parts of the compiler (like the lexer and
`macro`-expansion).
streams, data structures/traits for mutating ASTs, and shared definitions for
other AST-related parts of the compiler (like the lexer and
macro-expansion).
The lexer is developed in [`rustc_lexer`][lexer].
The parser is defined in [`rustc_parse`][rustc_parse], along with a
high-level interface to the lexer and some validation routines that run after
`macro` expansion. In particular, the [`rustc_parse::parser`][parser] contains
macro expansion. In particular, the [`rustc_parse::parser`][parser] contains
the parser implementation.
The main entrypoint to the parser is via the various `parse_*` functions and others in
[rustc_parse][rustc_parse]. They let you do things like turn a [`SourceFile`][sourcefile]
(e.g. the source in a single file) into a token stream, create a parser from
the token stream, and then execute the parser to get a [`Crate`] (the root `AST`
the token stream, and then execute the parser to get a [`Crate`] (the root AST
node).
To minimize the amount of copying that is done, both [`StringReader`] and
[`Parser`] have lifetimes which bind them to the parent [`ParseSess`]. This
contains all the information needed while parsing, as well as the [`SourceMap`]
itself.
To minimize the amount of copying that is done,
both [`StringReader`] and [`Parser`] have lifetimes which bind them to the parent [`ParseSess`].
This contains all the information needed while parsing, as well as the [`SourceMap`] itself.
Note that while parsing, we may encounter `macro` definitions or invocations. We
set these aside to be expanded (see [Macro Expansion](./macro-expansion.md)).
Expansion itself may require parsing the output of a `macro`, which may reveal
more `macro`s to be expanded, and so on.
Note that while parsing, we may encounter macro definitions or invocations.
We set these aside to be expanded (see [Macro Expansion](./macro-expansion.md)).
Expansion itself may require parsing the output of a macro, which may reveal more macros to be expanded, and so on.
## More on Lexical Analysis