These used to be used for the list of newly freed objects, but that's
no longer a thing.
Change-Id: I5a4503137b74ec0eae5372ca271b1aa0b32df074
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/22557
Reviewed-by: Rick Hudson <rlh@golang.org>
Run-TryBot: Austin Clements <austin@google.com>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
Two changes are included here that are dependent on the other.
The first is that allocBits and gcamrkBits are changed to
a *uint8 which points to the first byte of that span's
mark and alloc bits. Several places were altered to
perform pointer arithmetic to locate the byte corresponding
to an object in the span. The actual bit corresponding
to an object is indexed in the byte by using the lower three
bits of the objects index.
The second change avoids the redundant calculation of an
object's index. The index is returned from heapBitsForObject
and then used by the functions indexing allocBits
and gcmarkBits.
Finally we no longer allocate the gc bits in the span
structures. Instead we use an arena based allocation scheme
that allows for a more compact bit map as well as recycling
and bulk clearing of the mark bits.
Change-Id: If4d04b2021c092ec39a4caef5937a8182c64dfef
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/20705
Reviewed-by: Austin Clements <austin@google.com>
Prior to this CL the base of a span was calculated in various
places using shifts or calls to base(). This CL now
always calls base() which has been optimized to calculate the
base of the span when the span is initialized and store that
value in the span structure.
Change-Id: I661f2bfa21e3748a249cdf049ef9062db6e78100
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/20703
Reviewed-by: Austin Clements <austin@google.com>
Prior to this CL the sweep phase was responsible for locating
all objects that were about to be freed and calling a function
to process the object. This was done by the function
heapBitsSweepSpan. Part of processing included calls to
tracefree and msanfree as well as counting how many objects
were freed.
The calls to tracefree and msanfree have been moved into the
gcmalloc routine and called when the object is about to be
reallocated. The counting of free objects has been optimized
using an array based popcnt algorithm and if all the objects
in a span are free then span is freed.
Similarly the code to locate the next free object has been
optimized to use an array based ctz (count trailing zero).
Various hot paths in the allocation logic have been optimized.
At this point the garbage benchmark is within 3% of the 1.6
release.
Change-Id: I00643c442e2ada1685c010c3447e4ea8537d2dfa
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/20201
Reviewed-by: Austin Clements <austin@google.com>
Add to each span a 64 bit cache (allocCache) of the allocBits
at freeindex. allocCache is shifted such that the lowest bit
corresponds to the bit freeindex. allocBits uses a 0 to
indicate an object is free, on the other hand allocCache
uses a 1 to indicate an object is free. This facilitates
ctz64 (count trailing zero) which counts the number of 0s
trailing the least significant 1. This is also the index of
the least significant 1.
Each span maintains a freeindex indicating the boundary
between allocated objects and unallocated objects. allocCache
is shifted as freeindex is incremented such that the low bit
in allocCache corresponds to the bit a freeindex in the
allocBits array.
Currently ctz64 is written in Go using a for loop so it is
not very efficient. Use of the hardware instruction will
follow. With this in mind comparisons of the garbage
benchmark are as follows.
1.6 release 2.8 seconds
dev:garbage branch 3.1 seconds.
Profiling shows the go implementation of ctz64 takes up
1% of the total time.
Change-Id: If084ed9c3b1eda9f3c6ab2e794625cb870b8167f
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/20200
Reviewed-by: Austin Clements <austin@google.com>
Instead of building a freelist from the mark bits generated
by the GC this CL allocates directly from the mark bits.
The approach moves the mark bits from the pointer/no pointer
heap structures into their own per span data structures. The
mark/allocation vectors consist of a single mark bit per
object. Two vectors are maintained, one for allocation and
one for the GC's mark phase. During the GC cycle's sweep
phase the interpretation of the vectors is swapped. The
mark vector becomes the allocation vector and the old
allocation vector is cleared and becomes the mark vector that
the next GC cycle will use.
Marked entries in the allocation vector indicate that the
object is not free. Each allocation vector maintains a boundary
between areas of the span already allocated from and areas
not yet allocated from. As objects are allocated this boundary
is moved until it reaches the end of the span. At this point
further allocations will be done from another span.
Since we no longer sweep a span inspecting each freed object
the responsibility for maintaining pointer/scalar bits in
the heapBitMap containing is now the responsibility of the
the routines doing the actual allocation.
This CL is functionally complete and ready for performance
tuning.
Change-Id: I336e0fc21eef1066e0b68c7067cc71b9f3d50e04
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/19470
Reviewed-by: Austin Clements <austin@google.com>
runtime/internal/sys will hold system-, architecture- and config-
specific constants.
Updates #11647
Change-Id: I6db29c312556087a42e8d2bdd9af40d157c56b54
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/16817
Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
Applies to types fixAlloc, mCache, mCentral, mHeap, mSpan, and
mSpanList.
Two special cases:
1. mHeap_Scavenge() previously didn't take an *mheap parameter, so it
was specially handled in this CL.
2. mHeap_Free() would have collided with mheap's "free" field, so it's
been renamed to (*mheap).freeSpan to parallel its underlying
(*mheap).freeSpanLocked method.
Change-Id: I325938554cca432c166fe9d9d689af2bbd68de4b
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/16221
Reviewed-by: Ian Lance Taylor <iant@golang.org>
Run-TryBot: Matthew Dempsky <mdempsky@google.com>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
Commit 7407d8e was rebased over the switch to runtime/internal/atomic
and introduced a call to xadd64, which no longer exists. Fix that
call.
Change-Id: I99c93469794c16504ae4a8ffe3066ac382c66a3a
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/16816
Reviewed-by: Brad Fitzpatrick <bradfitz@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Rick Hudson <rlh@golang.org>
Currently, sweeping is performed before allocating a span by charging
for the entire size of the span requested, rather than the number of
bytes actually available for allocation from the returned span. That
is, if the returned span is 8K, but already has 6K in use, the mutator
is charged for 8K of heap allocation even though it can only allocate
2K more from the span. As a result, proportional sweep is
over-aggressive and tends to finish much earlier than it needs to.
This effect is more amplified by fragmented heaps.
Fix this by reimbursing the mutator for the used space in a span once
it has allocated that span. We still have to charge up-front for the
worst-case because we don't know which span the mutator will get, but
at least we can correct the over-charge once it has a span, which will
go toward later span allocations.
This has negligible effect on the throughput of the go1 benchmarks and
the garbage benchmark.
Fixes#12040.
Change-Id: I0e23e7a4ccf126cca000fed5067b20017028dd6b
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/16515
Reviewed-by: Rick Hudson <rlh@golang.org>
This change breaks out most of the atomics functions in the runtime
into package runtime/internal/atomic. It adds some basic support
in the toolchain for runtime packages, and also modifies linux/arm
atomics to remove the dependency on the runtime's mutex. The mutexes
have been replaced with spinlocks.
all trybots are happy!
In addition to the trybots, I've tested on the darwin/arm64 builder,
on the darwin/arm builder, and on a ppc64le machine.
Change-Id: I6698c8e3cf3834f55ce5824059f44d00dc8e3c2f
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/14204
Run-TryBot: Michael Matloob <matloob@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
Handling of special records for tiny allocations has two problems:
1. Once we queue a finalizer we mark the object. As the result any
subsequent finalizers for the same object will not be queued
during this GC cycle. If we have 16 finalizers setup (the worst case),
finalization will take 16 GC cycles. This is what caused misbehave
of tinyfin.go. The actual flakiness was caused by the fact that fing
is asynchronous and don't always run before the check.
2. If a tiny block has both finalizer and profile specials,
it is possible that we both queue finalizer, preserve the object live
and free the profile record. As the result heap profile can be skewed.
Fix both issues by analyzing all special records for a single object at once.
Also, make tinyfin test stricter and remove reliance on real time.
Also, add a test for the problem 2. Currently heap profile missed about
a half of live memory.
Fixes#13100
Change-Id: I9ae4dc1c44893724138a4565ca5cae29f2e97544
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/16591
Reviewed-by: Austin Clements <austin@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Keith Randall <khr@golang.org>
Run-TryBot: Dmitry Vyukov <dvyukov@google.com>
Add explicit memory sanitizer instrumentation to the runtime and syscall
packages. The compiler does not instrument the runtime package. It
does instrument the syscall package, but we need to add a couple of
cases that it can't see.
Change-Id: I2d66073f713fe67e33a6720460d2bb8f72f31394
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/16164
Reviewed-by: David Crawshaw <crawshaw@golang.org>
In general, finishsweep_m must block until any spans that are
concurrently being swept have been swept. It accomplishes this by
looping over all spans, which, as in the previous commit, takes
~1ms/heap GB. Unfortunately, we do this during the STW sweep
termination phase, so multi-gigabyte heaps can push our STW time past
10ms.
However, there's no need to do this wait if the world is stopped
because, in effect, stopping the world already had to wait for
anything that was sweeping (and if it didn't, the wait in
finishsweep_m would deadlock). Hence, we can simply skip this loop if
the world is stopped, such as during sweep termination. In fact,
currently all calls to finishsweep_m are STW, but this hasn't always
been the case and may not be the case in the future, so we keep the
logic around.
For 24GB heaps, this reduces max pause time by 75% relative to tip and
by 90% relative to Go 1.5. Notably, all pauses are now well under
10ms. Here are the results for the garbage benchmark:
------------- max pause ------------
Heap Procs after change before change 1.5.1
24GB 12 3.8ms 16ms 37ms
24GB 4 3.7ms 16ms 37ms
4GB 4 3.7ms 3ms 6.9ms
In the 4GB/4P case, it seems the "before change" run got lucky: the
max went up, but the 99%ile pause time went down from 3ms to 2.04ms.
Change-Id: Ica22189559f231d408ef2815019c9dbb5f38bf31
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/15071
Reviewed-by: Rick Hudson <rlh@golang.org>
Run-TryBot: Austin Clements <austin@google.com>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
This is a cleanup following cc8f544, which was a minimal change to fix
issue #11617. This consolidates the two places in mSpan_Sweep that
update sweepgen. Previously this was necessary because sweepgen must
be updated before freeing the span, but we freed large spans early.
Now we free large spans later, so there's no need to duplicate the
sweepgen update. This also means large spans can take advantage of the
sweepgen sanity checking performed for other spans.
Change-Id: I23b79dbd9ec81d08575cd307cdc0fa6b20831768
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/12451
Reviewed-by: Rick Hudson <rlh@golang.org>
Proportional concurrent sweep is currently based on a ratio of spans
to be swept per bytes of object allocation. However, proportional
sweeping is performed during span allocation, not object allocation,
in order to minimize contention and overhead. Since objects are
allocated from spans after those spans are allocated, the system tends
to operate in debt, which means when the next GC cycle starts, there
is often sweep debt remaining, so GC has to finish the sweep, which
delays the start of the cycle and delays enabling mutator assists.
For example, it's quite likely that many Ps will simultaneously refill
their span caches immediately after a GC cycle (because GC flushes the
span caches), but at this point, there has been very little object
allocation since the end of GC, so very little sweeping is done. The
Ps then allocate objects from these cached spans, which drives up the
bytes of object allocation, but since these allocations are coming
from cached spans, nothing considers whether more sweeping has to
happen. If the sweep ratio is high enough (which can happen if the
next GC trigger is very close to the retained heap size), this can
easily represent a sweep debt of thousands of pages.
Fix this by making proportional sweep proportional to the number of
bytes of spans allocated, rather than the number of bytes of objects
allocated. Prior to allocating a span, both the small object path and
the large object path ensure credit for allocating that span, so the
system operates in the black, rather than in the red.
Combined with the previous commit, this should eliminate all sweeping
from GC start up. On the stress test in issue #11911, this reduces the
time spent sweeping during GC (and delaying start up) by several
orders of magnitude:
mean 99%ile max
pre fix 1 ms 11 ms 144 ms
post fix 270 ns 735 ns 916 ns
Updates #11911.
Change-Id: I89223712883954c9d6ec2a7a51ecb97172097df3
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/13044
Reviewed-by: Rick Hudson <rlh@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
An out-of-date comment snuck in to cc8f544. Remove it.
Change-Id: I5bc7c17e737d1cabe57b88de06d7579c60ca28ff
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/12328
Reviewed-by: Matthew Dempsky <mdempsky@google.com>
This fixes a race between 1) sweeping and freeing an unmarked large
span and 2) reusing that span and allocating from it. This race arises
because mSpan_Sweep returns spans for large objects to the heap
*before* heapBitsSweepSpan clears the mark bit on the object in the
span.
Specifically, the following sequence of events can lead to an
incorrectly zeroed bitmap byte, which causes the garbage collector to
not trace any pointers in that object (the pointer bits for the first
four words are cleared, and the scan bits are also cleared, so it
looks like a no-scan object).
1) P0 calls mSpan_Sweep on a large span S0 with an unmarked object on it.
2) mSpan_Sweep calls heapBitsSweepSpan, which invokes the callback for
the one (unmarked) object on the span.
3) The callback calls mHeap_Free, which makes span S0 available for
allocation, but this is too early.
4) P1 grabs this S0 from the heap to use for allocation.
5) P1 allocates an object on this span and writes that object's type
bits to the bitmap.
6) P0 returns from the callback to heapBitsSweepSpan.
heapBitsSweepSpan clears the byte containing the mark, even though
this span is now owned by P1 and this byte contains important
bitmap information.
This fixes this problem by simply delaying the mHeap_Free until after
the heapBitsSweepSpan. I think the overall logic of mSpan_Sweep could
be simplified now, but this seems like the minimal change.
Fixes#11617.
Change-Id: I6b1382c7e7cc35f81984467c0772fe9848b7522a
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/12320
Run-TryBot: Austin Clements <austin@google.com>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Matthew Dempsky <mdempsky@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Rob Pike <r@golang.org>
Issues #10240, #10541, #10941, #11023, #11027 and possibly others are
indicating memory corruption in the runtime. One of the easiest places
to both get corruption and detect it is in the allocator's free lists
since they appear throughout memory and follow strict invariants. This
commit adds a check when sweeping a span that its free list is sane
and, if not, it prints the corrupted free list and panics. Hopefully
this will help us collect more information on these failures.
Change-Id: I6d417bcaeedf654943a5e068bd76b58bb02d4a64
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/10713
Reviewed-by: Keith Randall <khr@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
Run-TryBot: Austin Clements <austin@google.com>
Currently, the concurrent sweep follows a 1:1 rule: when allocation
needs a span, it sweeps a span (likewise, when a large allocation
needs N pages, it sweeps until it frees N pages). This rule worked
well for the STW collector (especially when GOGC==100) because it did
no more sweeping than necessary to keep the heap from growing, would
generally finish sweeping just before GC, and ensured good temporal
locality between sweeping a page and allocating from it.
It doesn't work well with concurrent GC. Since concurrent GC requires
starting GC earlier (sometimes much earlier), the sweep often won't be
done when GC starts. Unfortunately, the first thing GC has to do is
finish the sweep. In the mean time, the mutator can continue
allocating, pushing the heap size even closer to the goal size. This
worked okay with the 7/8ths trigger, but it gets into a vicious cycle
with the GC trigger controller: if the mutator is allocating quickly
and driving the trigger lower, more and more sweep work will be left
to GC; this both causes GC to take longer (allowing the mutator to
allocate more during GC) and delays the start of the concurrent mark
phase, which throws off the GC controller's statistics and generally
causes it to push the trigger even lower.
As an example of a particularly bad case, the garbage benchmark with
GOMAXPROCS=4 and -benchmem 512 (MB) spends the first 0.4-0.8 seconds
of each GC cycle sweeping, during which the heap grows by between
109MB and 252MB.
To fix this, this change replaces the 1:1 sweep rule with a
proportional sweep rule. At the end of GC, GC knows exactly how much
heap allocation will occur before the next concurrent GC as well as
how many span pages must be swept. This change computes this "sweep
ratio" and when the mallocgc asks for a span, the mcentral sweeps
enough spans to bring the swept span count into ratio with the
allocated byte count.
On the benchmark from above, this entirely eliminates sweeping at the
beginning of GC, which reduces the time between startGC readying the
GC goroutine and GC stopping the world for sweep termination to ~100µs
during which the heap grows at most 134KB.
Change-Id: I35422d6bba0c2310d48bb1f8f30a72d29e98c1af
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/8921
Reviewed-by: Rick Hudson <rlh@golang.org>
Commit d7e0ad4 removed the next_gc manipulation from mSpan_Sweep, but
left in the traceNextGC() for recording the updated next_gc
value. Remove this now unnecessary call.
Change-Id: I28e0de071661199be9810d7bdcc81ce50b5a58ae
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/8894
Reviewed-by: Dmitry Vyukov <dvyukov@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Rick Hudson <rlh@golang.org>
Currently there are two main consumers of memstats.heap_alloc:
updatememstats (aka ReadMemStats) and shouldtriggergc.
updatememstats recomputes heap_alloc from the ground up, so we don't
need to keep heap_alloc up to date for it. shouldtriggergc wants to
know how many bytes were marked by the previous GC plus how many bytes
have been allocated since then, but this *isn't* what heap_alloc
tracks. heap_alloc also includes objects that are not marked and
haven't yet been swept.
Introduce a new memstat called heap_live that actually tracks what
shouldtriggergc wants to know and stop keeping heap_alloc up to date.
Unlike heap_alloc, heap_live follows a simple sawtooth that drops
during each mark termination and increases monotonically between GCs.
heap_alloc, on the other hand, has much more complicated behavior: it
may drop during sweep termination, slowly decreases from background
sweeping between GCs, is roughly unaffected by allocation as long as
there are unswept spans (because we sweep and allocate at the same
rate), and may go up after background sweeping is done depending on
the GC trigger.
heap_live simplifies computing next_gc and using it to figure out when
to trigger garbage collection. Currently, we guess next_gc at the end
of a cycle and update it as we sweep and get a better idea of how much
heap was marked. Now, since we're directly tracking how much heap is
marked, we can directly compute next_gc.
This also corrects bugs that could cause us to trigger GC early.
Currently, in any case where sweep termination actually finds spans to
sweep, heap_alloc is an overestimation of live heap, so we'll trigger
GC too early. heap_live, on the other hand, is unaffected by sweeping.
Change-Id: I1f96807b6ed60d4156e8173a8e68745ffc742388
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/8389
Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
Stip uninteresting bottom and top frames from trace stacks.
This makes both binary and json trace files smaller,
and also makes stacks shorter and more readable in the viewer.
Change-Id: Ib9c80ccc280504f0e235f867f53f1d2652c41583
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/5523
Reviewed-by: Keith Randall <khr@golang.org>
Run-TryBot: Dmitry Vyukov <dvyukov@google.com>
Starting it lazily causes a memory allocation (for the goroutine) during GC.
First use of channels for runtime implementation.
Change-Id: I9cd24dcadbbf0ee5070ee6d0ed7ea415504f316c
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/6960
Run-TryBot: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Austin Clements <austin@google.com>
This is an experiment to see if removing the boundary bit logic will
lead to fewer cache misses and improved performance. Instead of using
boundary bits we use the span information to get element size and use
some bit whacking to get the boundary without having to touch the
random heap bits which cause cache misses.
Furthermore once the boundary bit is removed we can either use that
bit for a simpler checkmark routine or we can reduce the number of
bits in the GC bitmap to 2 bits per pointer sized work. For example
the 2 bits at the boundary can be used for marking and pointer/scalar
differentiation. Since we don't need the mark bit except at the
boundary nibble of the object other nibbles can use this bit
as a noscan bit to indicate that there are no more pointers in
the object.
Currently the changed included in this CL slows down the garbage
benchmark. With the boundary bits garbage gives 5.78 and without
(this CL) it gives 5.88 which is a 2% slowdown.
Change-Id: Id68f831ad668176f7dc9f7b57b339e4ebb6dc4c2
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/6665
Reviewed-by: Austin Clements <austin@google.com>
This is a nice split but more importantly it provides a better
way to fit the checkmark phase into the sequencing.
Also factor out common span copying into gcSpanCopy.
Change-Id: Ia058644974e4ed4ac3cf4b017a3446eb2284d053
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/5333
Reviewed-by: Austin Clements <austin@google.com>
Move code from malloc1.go, malloc2.go, mem.go, mgc0.go into
appropriate locations.
Factor mgc.go into mgc.go, mgcmark.go, mgcsweep.go, mstats.go.
A lot of this code was in certain files because the right place was in
a C file but it was written in Go, or vice versa. This is one step toward
making things actually well-organized again.
Change-Id: I6741deb88a7cfb1c17ffe0bcca3989e10207968f
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/5300
Reviewed-by: Austin Clements <austin@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Rick Hudson <rlh@golang.org>
Austin Clements
Rick Hudson
Michael Matloob
Matthew Dempsky
Dmitry Vyukov
Ian Lance Taylor
Russ Cox