diff --git a/src/cmd/go/internal/fsys/fsys.go b/src/cmd/go/internal/fsys/fsys.go
index 41d0bbfe66..d96a290de5 100644
--- a/src/cmd/go/internal/fsys/fsys.go
+++ b/src/cmd/go/internal/fsys/fsys.go
@@ -6,16 +6,65 @@ import (
 	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
+	"internal/godebug"
 	"io/fs"
 	"io/ioutil"
+	"log"
 	"os"
+	pathpkg "path"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"runtime"
+	"runtime/debug"
 	"sort"
 	"strings"
+	"sync"
 	"time"
 )
 
+// Trace emits a trace event for the operation and file path to the trace log,
+// but only when $GODEBUG contains gofsystrace=1.
+// The traces are appended to the file named by the $GODEBUG setting gofsystracelog, or else standard error.
+// For debugging, if the $GODEBUG setting gofsystracestack is non-empty, then trace events for paths
+// matching that glob pattern (using path.Match) will be followed by a full stack trace.
+func Trace(op, path string) {
+	if !doTrace {
+		return
+	}
+	traceMu.Lock()
+	defer traceMu.Unlock()
+	fmt.Fprintf(traceFile, "%d gofsystrace %s %s\n", os.Getpid(), op, path)
+	if traceStack != "" {
+		if match, _ := pathpkg.Match(traceStack, path); match {
+			traceFile.Write(debug.Stack())
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+var (
+	doTrace    bool
+	traceStack string
+	traceFile  *os.File
+	traceMu    sync.Mutex
+)
+
+func init() {
+	if godebug.Get("gofsystrace") != "1" {
+		return
+	}
+	doTrace = true
+	traceStack = godebug.Get("gofsystracestack")
+	if f := godebug.Get("gofsystracelog"); f != "" {
+		// Note: No buffering on writes to this file, so no need to worry about closing it at exit.
+		var err error
+		traceFile, err = os.OpenFile(f, os.O_WRONLY|os.O_APPEND|os.O_CREATE, 0666)
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Fatal(err)
+		}
+	} else {
+		traceFile = os.Stderr
+	}
+}
+
 // OverlayFile is the path to a text file in the OverlayJSON format.
 // It is the value of the -overlay flag.
 var OverlayFile string
@@ -86,6 +135,7 @@ func Init(wd string) error {
 		return nil
 	}
 
+	Trace("ReadFile", OverlayFile)
 	b, err := os.ReadFile(OverlayFile)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("reading overlay file: %v", err)
@@ -191,6 +241,7 @@ func initFromJSON(overlayJSON OverlayJSON) error {
 // IsDir returns true if path is a directory on disk or in the
 // overlay.
 func IsDir(path string) (bool, error) {
+	Trace("IsDir", path)
 	path = canonicalize(path)
 
 	if _, ok := parentIsOverlayFile(path); ok {
@@ -260,6 +311,7 @@ func readDir(dir string) ([]fs.FileInfo, error) {
 // ReadDir provides a slice of fs.FileInfo entries corresponding
 // to the overlaid files in the directory.
 func ReadDir(dir string) ([]fs.FileInfo, error) {
+	Trace("ReadDir", dir)
 	dir = canonicalize(dir)
 	if _, ok := parentIsOverlayFile(dir); ok {
 		return nil, &fs.PathError{Op: "ReadDir", Path: dir, Err: errNotDir}
@@ -327,11 +379,17 @@ func OverlayPath(path string) (string, bool) {
 
 // Open opens the file at or overlaid on the given path.
 func Open(path string) (*os.File, error) {
-	return OpenFile(path, os.O_RDONLY, 0)
+	Trace("Open", path)
+	return openFile(path, os.O_RDONLY, 0)
 }
 
 // OpenFile opens the file at or overlaid on the given path with the flag and perm.
 func OpenFile(path string, flag int, perm os.FileMode) (*os.File, error) {
+	Trace("OpenFile", path)
+	return openFile(path, flag, perm)
+}
+
+func openFile(path string, flag int, perm os.FileMode) (*os.File, error) {
 	cpath := canonicalize(path)
 	if node, ok := overlay[cpath]; ok {
 		// Opening a file in the overlay.
@@ -360,6 +418,7 @@ func OpenFile(path string, flag int, perm os.FileMode) (*os.File, error) {
 // IsDirWithGoFiles reports whether dir is a directory containing Go files
 // either on disk or in the overlay.
 func IsDirWithGoFiles(dir string) (bool, error) {
+	Trace("IsDirWithGoFiles", dir)
 	fis, err := ReadDir(dir)
 	if os.IsNotExist(err) || errors.Is(err, errNotDir) {
 		return false, nil
@@ -436,6 +495,7 @@ func walk(path string, info fs.FileInfo, walkFn filepath.WalkFunc) error {
 // Walk walks the file tree rooted at root, calling walkFn for each file or
 // directory in the tree, including root.
 func Walk(root string, walkFn filepath.WalkFunc) error {
+	Trace("Walk", root)
 	info, err := Lstat(root)
 	if err != nil {
 		err = walkFn(root, nil, err)
@@ -450,11 +510,13 @@ func Walk(root string, walkFn filepath.WalkFunc) error {
 
 // lstat implements a version of os.Lstat that operates on the overlay filesystem.
 func Lstat(path string) (fs.FileInfo, error) {
+	Trace("Lstat", path)
 	return overlayStat(path, os.Lstat, "lstat")
 }
 
 // Stat implements a version of os.Stat that operates on the overlay filesystem.
 func Stat(path string) (fs.FileInfo, error) {
+	Trace("Stat", path)
 	return overlayStat(path, os.Stat, "stat")
 }
 
@@ -528,6 +590,7 @@ func (f fakeDir) Sys() any           { return nil }
 
 // Glob is like filepath.Glob but uses the overlay file system.
 func Glob(pattern string) (matches []string, err error) {
+	Trace("Glob", pattern)
 	// Check pattern is well-formed.
 	if _, err := filepath.Match(pattern, ""); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
diff --git a/src/cmd/go/internal/load/pkg.go b/src/cmd/go/internal/load/pkg.go
index fcb72b07b2..046f508545 100644
--- a/src/cmd/go/internal/load/pkg.go
+++ b/src/cmd/go/internal/load/pkg.go
@@ -877,7 +877,14 @@ func loadPackageData(ctx context.Context, path, parentPath, parentDir, parentRoo
 			if !cfg.ModulesEnabled {
 				buildMode = build.ImportComment
 			}
-			if modroot := modload.PackageModRoot(ctx, r.path); modroot != "" {
+			modroot := modload.PackageModRoot(ctx, r.path)
+			if modroot == "" && str.HasPathPrefix(r.dir, cfg.GOROOTsrc) {
+				modroot = cfg.GOROOTsrc
+				if str.HasPathPrefix(r.dir, cfg.GOROOTsrc+string(filepath.Separator)+"cmd") {
+					modroot += string(filepath.Separator) + "cmd"
+				}
+			}
+			if modroot != "" {
 				if rp, err := modindex.GetPackage(modroot, r.dir); err == nil {
 					data.p, data.err = rp.Import(cfg.BuildContext, buildMode)
 					goto Happy
diff --git a/src/cmd/go/internal/modindex/read.go b/src/cmd/go/internal/modindex/read.go
index 7ee4669e67..436bbebb39 100644
--- a/src/cmd/go/internal/modindex/read.go
+++ b/src/cmd/go/internal/modindex/read.go
@@ -179,6 +179,7 @@ func openIndexModule(modroot string, ismodcache bool) (*Module, error) {
 		err error
 	}
 	r := mcache.Do(modroot, func() any {
+		fsys.Trace("openIndexModule", modroot)
 		id, err := moduleHash(modroot, ismodcache)
 		if err != nil {
 			return result{nil, err}
@@ -212,6 +213,7 @@ func openIndexPackage(modroot, pkgdir string) (*IndexPackage, error) {
 		err error
 	}
 	r := pcache.Do([2]string{modroot, pkgdir}, func() any {
+		fsys.Trace("openIndexPackage", pkgdir)
 		id, err := dirHash(modroot, pkgdir)
 		if err != nil {
 			return result{nil, err}
diff --git a/src/cmd/go/internal/modindex/scan.go b/src/cmd/go/internal/modindex/scan.go
index 1ba7c0cad1..d3f059bcfc 100644
--- a/src/cmd/go/internal/modindex/scan.go
+++ b/src/cmd/go/internal/modindex/scan.go
@@ -46,6 +46,7 @@ func moduleWalkErr(modroot string, path string, info fs.FileInfo, err error) err
 // encoded representation. It returns ErrNotIndexed if the module can't
 // be indexed because it contains symlinks.
 func indexModule(modroot string) ([]byte, error) {
+	fsys.Trace("indexModule", modroot)
 	var packages []*rawPackage
 	err := fsys.Walk(modroot, func(path string, info fs.FileInfo, err error) error {
 		if err := moduleWalkErr(modroot, path, info, err); err != nil {
@@ -72,6 +73,7 @@ func indexModule(modroot string) ([]byte, error) {
 // encoded representation. It returns ErrNotIndexed if the package can't
 // be indexed.
 func indexPackage(modroot, pkgdir string) []byte {
+	fsys.Trace("indexPackage", pkgdir)
 	p := importRaw(modroot, relPath(pkgdir, modroot))
 	return encodePackageBytes(p)
 }
diff --git a/src/cmd/go/testdata/script/index.txt b/src/cmd/go/testdata/script/index.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6a2d13c8b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/cmd/go/testdata/script/index.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+# Check that standard library packages are cached.
+go list -json math # refresh cache
+env GODEBUG=gofsystrace=1,gofsystracelog=fsys.log
+go list -json math
+! grep math/abs.go fsys.log
+grep 'openIndexPackage .*[\\/]math$' fsys.log