diff --git a/src/runtime/crash_cgo_test.go b/src/runtime/crash_cgo_test.go
index e6d1742a38..58c340f8ad 100644
--- a/src/runtime/crash_cgo_test.go
+++ b/src/runtime/crash_cgo_test.go
@@ -702,3 +702,11 @@ func TestNeedmDeadlock(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("want %s, got %s\n", want, output)
 	}
 }
+
+func TestCgoTracebackGoroutineProfile(t *testing.T) {
+	output := runTestProg(t, "testprogcgo", "GoroutineProfile")
+	want := "OK\n"
+	if output != want {
+		t.Fatalf("want %s, got %s\n", want, output)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/src/runtime/mprof.go b/src/runtime/mprof.go
index b4de8f53a9..569c17f0a7 100644
--- a/src/runtime/mprof.go
+++ b/src/runtime/mprof.go
@@ -805,7 +805,11 @@ func goroutineProfileWithLabels(p []StackRecord, labels []unsafe.Pointer) (n int
 				// truncated profile than to crash the entire process.
 				return
 			}
-			saveg(^uintptr(0), ^uintptr(0), gp1, &r[0])
+			// saveg calls gentraceback, which may call cgo traceback functions.
+			// The world is stopped, so it cannot use cgocall (which will be
+			// blocked at exitsyscall). Do it on the system stack so it won't
+			// call into the schedular (see traceback.go:cgoContextPCs).
+			systemstack(func() { saveg(^uintptr(0), ^uintptr(0), gp1, &r[0]) })
 			if labels != nil {
 				lbl[0] = gp1.labels
 				lbl = lbl[1:]
diff --git a/src/runtime/testdata/testprogcgo/gprof.go b/src/runtime/testdata/testprogcgo/gprof.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d453b4d0ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/runtime/testdata/testprogcgo/gprof.go
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+// Copyright 2021 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+package main
+
+// Test taking a goroutine profile with C traceback.
+
+/*
+// Defined in gprof_c.c.
+void CallGoSleep(void);
+void gprofCgoTraceback(void* parg);
+void gprofCgoContext(void* parg);
+*/
+import "C"
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"runtime"
+	"runtime/pprof"
+	"time"
+	"unsafe"
+)
+
+func init() {
+	register("GoroutineProfile", GoroutineProfile)
+}
+
+func GoroutineProfile() {
+	runtime.SetCgoTraceback(0, unsafe.Pointer(C.gprofCgoTraceback), unsafe.Pointer(C.gprofCgoContext), nil)
+
+	go C.CallGoSleep()
+	go C.CallGoSleep()
+	go C.CallGoSleep()
+	time.Sleep(1 * time.Second)
+
+	prof := pprof.Lookup("goroutine")
+	prof.WriteTo(io.Discard, 1)
+	fmt.Println("OK")
+}
+
+//export GoSleep
+func GoSleep() {
+	time.Sleep(time.Hour)
+}
diff --git a/src/runtime/testdata/testprogcgo/gprof_c.c b/src/runtime/testdata/testprogcgo/gprof_c.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6ddff445ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/runtime/testdata/testprogcgo/gprof_c.c
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+// Copyright 2021 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+// The C definitions for gprof.go. That file uses //export so
+// it can't put function definitions in the "C" import comment.
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+// Functions exported from Go.
+extern void GoSleep();
+
+struct cgoContextArg {
+	uintptr_t context;
+};
+
+void gprofCgoContext(void *arg) {
+	((struct cgoContextArg*)arg)->context = 1;
+}
+
+void gprofCgoTraceback(void *arg) {
+	// spend some time here so the P is more likely to be retaken.
+ 	for (volatile int i = 0; i < 123456789; i++);
+}
+
+void CallGoSleep() {
+ 	GoSleep();
+}