[release-branch.go1.16] math/big: prevent overflow in (*Rat).SetString

Credit to rsc@ for the original patch.

Thanks to the OSS-Fuzz project for discovering this
issue and to Emmanuel Odeke (@odeke_et) for reporting it.

Updates #50699
Fixes #50700
Fixes CVE-2022-23772

Change-Id: I590395a3d55689625390cf1e58f5f40623b26ee5
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/379537
Trust: Katie Hockman <katie@golang.org>
Run-TryBot: Katie Hockman <katie@golang.org>
TryBot-Result: Gopher Robot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Emmanuel Odeke <emmanuel@orijtech.com>
Reviewed-by: Roland Shoemaker <roland@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Julie Qiu <julie@golang.org>
(cherry picked from commit ad345c2659)
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/381337

src/math/big/ratconv.go

@@ -169,6 +169,11 @@ func (z *Rat) SetString(s string) (*Rat, bool) {
 		n := exp5
 		if n < 0 {
 			n = -n
+			if n < 0 {
+				// This can occur if -n overflows. -(-1 << 63) would become
+				// -1 << 63, which is still negative.
+				return nil, false
+			}
 		}
 		if n > 1e6 {
 			return nil, false // avoid excessively large exponents

src/math/big/ratconv_test.go

@@ -104,6 +104,7 @@ var setStringTests = []StringTest{
 	{in: "4/3/"},
 	{in: "4/3."},
 	{in: "4/"},
+	{in: "13e-9223372036854775808"}, // CVE-2022-23772
 
 	// valid
 	{"0", "0", true},